• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 1999

진세노사이드(ginseng total saponin)는 인삼의 주요 약리학적 성분이다. 본 연구는 척수강내로 투여된 진세노사이드가 캡사이신에 의하여 유도된 통증을 억제하는가를 연구하였다. 진세노사이드의 척수강내 전투여는 캡사이신에 의하여 유도되는 통증을 투여 용량에 의존적으로 억제하였다. 통증 억제 효과를 나타내는 $ED_{50}$은 43 ${mu}g/mouse$ 이었다. 흥분성 아미노산들도 척수 수준에서 통증전달에 포함되기 때문에 본 연구에서는 또한 진세노사이드가 흥분성 아미노산에 의하여 유도되는 아픈 행동(nociceptive behaviors)을 억제하는 가를 연구하였다. 진세노사이드와 NMDA를 같이 투여할 경우 NMDA를 단독 투여할 때 나타나는 아픈 행동을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 진세노사이드가 NMDA에 의하여 나타나는 아픈 행동을 억제하는 $ED_{50}$은 37 ${mu}g/mouse$ 이었다. 그러나 진세노사이드는 kainate투여에 의하여 나타나는 아픈 행동을 억제하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과들은 진세노사이드에 의한 항통증 효능중의 하나는 척수 수준에서 통증 전달 물질에 의하여 유도되는 통증 전달 정보의 선택적 억제에 의하여 이루어진다는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2000년도 제7차 국제 심포지움(생약자원개발에 관한연구) 및 추계정기 학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.14-14
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• 2000

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2015

The subfornical organ (SFO) is one of circumventricular organs characterized by the lack of a normal blood brain barrier. The SFO neurons are exposed to circulating glutamate ($60{\sim}100{\mu}M$), which may cause excitotoxicity in the central nervous system. However, it remains unclear how SFO neurons are protected from excitotoxicity caused by circulating glutamate. In this study, we compared the glutamate-induced whole cell currents in SFO neurons to those in hippocampal CA1 neurons using the patch clamp technique in brain slice. Glutamate ($100{\mu}M$) induced an inward current in both SFO and hippocampal CA1 neurons. The density of glutamate-induced current in SFO neurons was significantly smaller than that in hippocampal CA1 neurons (0.55 vs. 2.07 pA/pF, p<0.05). To further identify the subtype of the glutamate receptors involved, the whole cell currents induced by selective agonists were then compared. The current densities induced by AMPA (0.45 pA/pF) and kainate (0.83 pA/pF), non-NMDA glutamate receptor agonists in SFO neurons were also smaller than those in hippocampal CA1 neurons (2.44 pA/pF for AMPA, p<0.05; 2.34 pA/pF for kainate, p< 0.05). However, the current density by NMDA in SFO neurons was not significantly different from that of hippocampal CA1 neurons (1.58 vs. 1.47 pA/pF, p>0.05). These results demonstrate that glutamate-mediated action through non-NMDA glutamate receptors in SFO neurons is smaller than that of hippocampal CA1 neurons, suggesting a possible protection mechanism from excitotoxicity by circulating glutamate in SFO neurons.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.8-18
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• 2000

Background: Intraperitoneal (IP) and intrathecal (IT) administration of $\alpha$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic (AMPA) and kainate (KA) receptor antagonist attenuate hyperalgesia in various models of persistent pain. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of IP and IT LY293558, a novel AMPA/KA receptor antagonist on mechanical hyperalgesia after incision. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane and underwent plantar incision. Two hours later, responses to mechanical stimuli were assessed using the response frequency to a nonpunctate mechanical stimulus and withdrawal threshold to calibrated von Frey filaments. One group of rats received vehicle, 5 or 10 mg/kg of LY293558 IP. In the other group, vehicle, 0.2, 0.5 or 2 nmol of LY293558 was administered IT. Ataxia and motor function were also evaluated. Results: Hyperalgesia was persistent in both the vehicle and 5 mg/kg group. IP administration of 10 mg/kg of LY293558 increased withdrawal threshold at 30 and 60 min after incision; deficits in rotorod performance were observed at 30, 60, 90 and 150 min. IT administration of 0.5 nmol of LY293558 increased the median withdrawal threshold at 30 and 60 min. Motor function was only impaired at 30 min. IT administration of 2 nmol produced hemiparesis. Again, inhibition of pain behaviors outlasted the effects on motor function. Conclusions: These data further suggest AMPA/KA receptors are important for the maintenance of pain behaviors caused by incisions. IT administration of LY293558 was more effective than systemic administration and reducing pain behaviors caused by a surgical incision.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2006

In previous our studies, we have reported that eugenol derived from Eugenia caryophyllata(Myrtaceace) exhibits acute N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)- and oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures and protects hippocampal neurons from global ischemia. In this study, we investigated whether the extracts and fractions of E. caryophyllata or eugenol shows the neuroprotective effects against delayed neuronal injury evoked by NMDA or ${\alpha}$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionate(AMPA), and oxidative damage induced by arachidonic acid-, hydrogen peroxide-, $FeCl_2$/ascorbic acid-, and buthionine sulfoximine(BSO) in primary cortical cultures. We examined the neurotoxicity of eugenol itself in cultures and inhibitory effect of eugenol on NMDA- or kainate(KA)-induced convulsion in BALB/c mice. Each water, methanol extract and methanol fraction of E. caryophyllata was significantly attenuated NMDA-induced delayed neurotoxicity, respectively. Eugenol exhibited a significant inhibitory action against the convulsion evoked by NMDA and KA, and reduced delayed or brief neurotoxicity induced by NMDA, AMPA, and various oxidative injuries. These results suggest that eugenol derived from E. caryophyllata may contribute the neuroprotection against delayed-type excitotoxicity and excitotoxins-mediated convulsion through the amelioration of oxidative stress.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.413-418
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• 2014

목적: 한국관박쥐 망막의 기능을 알아보기 위해서 흥분성 신경전달물질인 글루타메이트 수용체의 분포도를 분석하였다. 방법: 성체 한국관 박쥐의 망막을 $40{\mu}m$ 수직 절편 한 후 표준면역세포화학법을 이용하였다. 면역형광이미지는 Bio-Rad MRC 1024 공초점 현미경을 사용하여 얻었다. 결과: AMPA (GluR1-4), Kainate (GluR5-7, KA1-2), NMDA (1, 2A, 2B)는 내망상층과 외망상층에 주로 분포되어 있었다. KA1은 신경절세포층에도 많은 수의 수용체가 존재하였다. 결론: 한국관박쥐는 포유류망막에 있는 신경세포와 신경전달물질을 동일하게 가지고 있었다. 한국관박쥐도 기능적 망막을 가지고 있음을 제시한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1672-1677
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• 2006

Sarcodon aspratus is the mushroom of Telephoracea which was been classified into Alphllophorales. The aqueous extract of Sarcodon aspratus in known to have anti-tumor activity, immune modulatory effect, and anti-oxidative action. The descending pain control system consists of three major components: the periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain, the rostroventral medulla including the nucleus raphe magnus, and the spinal dorsal horn. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate ionotropic receptors are classified as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, ${\alpha}$-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor, and kainate receptor. In the present study, the modulation of Sarcodon aspratus on the ion currents activated by glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, and kainate in the acutely dissociated PAG neurons was investigated by nystatin-perforated patch-clamp technique under boltage-clamp condition. Sarcodon aspratus increased glutamate- and NMDA-induced ion currents were not increased by Sarcodon aspratus. The present results show that Sarcodon aspratus may activate the descending pain control system in rat PAG neurons through NMDA receptor.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2000년도 The 7th International Symposium
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• pp.84-95
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• 2000

Panax ginseng and the herbal medicinal mixtures containing ginseng have been widely used as a traditional medicinal prescriptions. In order to develop more efficient and protective prescriptions on seizures and subsequent memory deterioration, we investigated the biochemical and ethopharmacological effects of ginsenosides and fractions from the natural medicinal plant products related to control convulsions. In this studies we show results improving spatial teaming and memory deficits induced by kainic acid, a potent neurotoxic and neuroexcitatory analogue of the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.132-136
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• 1996

Exogenously applied oxygen free radical generating agent, pyrogallol, highly elevated extracellular glutamate accumulation and augmented N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced glutamate accumulation in cerebellar granule neuronal cells, but did not in astrocytes. Superoxide dismutase remarkably decreased the pyrogallol-induced glutamate accumulation, but either NMDA or kainate antagonists did not. In addition, pyrogallol did not affect the NMDAinduced intracellular calcium elevation. Pyrogallol partially blocked glutamate uptake into astrocytes. These results suggest that oxygen free radicals elevate extracellular glutamate accumulation by stimulating the release of glutamate as well as blocking the glutamate uptake.

• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2009년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.190-192
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• 2009

Kainic acid (KA), an agonist for kainate and AMPA receptors, is an excitatory neurotoxic substance. Vitamin E such as alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol is a chain-breaking antioxidant, preventing the chain propagation step during lipid peroxidation. In the present study, we have investigated the neuroprotective effects of alphatocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol on KA-induced neuronal death using organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC). After 15h KA treatment, delayed neuronal death was detected in CA3 region. Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol increased cell survival and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells in CA3 region. These data suggest that alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol treatment have protective effects on KA-induced cell death