• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.631-644
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• 2013

This study investigates the gaps between ideal and actual corporate social responsibility (CSR) by comparing levels of CSR perceptions and examining the relationship differences between CSR perception, perceived quality, and affective trust from a consumer perspective. Data from 315 adult samples were collected through a nationwide online survey. In order to compare ideal and actual CSR, the study employed the approach of latent means analysis (LMA) and multi-group comparisons within the framework of a structural equation modeling (SEM). The result of latent means comparison showed significant differences of perceptions on fashion CSR across ideal and actual contexts. Only actual economic CSR was evaluated higher than in the ideal context and the effect size of inter-management CSR was the largest among seven domains. Multi-group SEM revealed a significant discrepancy between ideal and actual CSR structural models that exhibited relationships of CSR perception, perceived quality, and affective trust. The paths from internal management and ethical CSR to perceived quality and from economic and philanthropy CSR to affective trust were different across ideal and actual contexts. Implying the understanding of consumer CSR perceptions and the mediating role of perceived quality, this study suggests that marketers narrow the gap between ideal and actual CSR.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.243-246
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• 2003

In this paper we define a weak positive implicative hyperBCK-ideal of hyperBCK-algebra. Also we investigate that every positive implicative hyperBCK-algebra is a positive implicative hyperK-algebra and then we prove that every positive implicative hyperK-algebra is a weak positive implicative hyperk-algebra.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.483-488
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• 2012

In this paper we introduce the notion of P-strongly regular near-ring. We have shown that a zero-symmetric near-ring N is P-strongly regular if and only if N is P-regular and P is a completely semiprime ideal. We have also shown that in a P-strongly regular near-ring N, the following holds: (i) $Na$ + P is an ideal of N for any $a{\in}N$. (ii) Every P-prime ideal of N containing P is maximal. (iii) Every ideal I of N fulfills I + P = $I^2$ + P.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.1937-1956
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• 2013

The aim of this article is to lay a foundation for providing a soft algebraic tool in considering many problems that contain uncertainties. In order to provide these soft algebraic structures, the notion of union-soft sets is introduced, and its application to BCK/BCI-algebras is considered. The notions of union-soft algebras, union-soft (commutative) ideals and closed union-soft ideals are introduced, and related properties and relations are investigated. Conditions for a union-soft ideal to be closed are provided. Conditions for a union-soft ideal to be a union-soft commutative ideal are also provided. Characterizations of (closed) union-soft ideals and union-soft commutative ideals are established. Extension property for a union-soft commutative ideal is established.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39A no.8
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• pp.445-452
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• 2014

In this paper, we define ideal autocorrelation property for balanced quaternary sequence with even period. We also prove that our definition is ideal autocorrelation property for balanced quaternary sequence with even period. Furthermore, we propose a generation method of quaternary sequence with ideal autocorrelation property of period $2{\times}(2^n-1)$ using a binary sequence with ideal autocorrelation of period $2^n-1$ and Gray mapping. We also derive the autocorrelation value distribution of the newly proposed quaternary sequence.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.417-437
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• 2009

The notions of $\mathcal{N}$-subalgebras, (closed, commutative, retrenched) $\mathcal{N}$-ideals, $\theta$-negative functions, and $\alpha$-translations are introduced, and related properties are investigated. Characterizations of an $\mathcal{N}$-subalgebra and a (commutative) $\mathcal{N}$-ideal are given. Relations between an $\mathcal{N}$-subalgebra, an $\mathcal{N}$-ideal and commutative $\mathcal{N}$-ideal are discussed. We verify that every $\alpha$-translation of an $\mathcal{N}$-subalgebra (resp. $\mathcal{N}$-ideal) is a retrenched $\mathcal{N}$-subalgebra (resp. retrenched $\mathcal{N}$-ideal).

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.293-314
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• 2009

The notions of pre-local function, semi-local functions and ${\alpha}$-local functions with respect to a topology and an ideal are introduced, and several properties are investigated. Also, the concept of $P-\mathcal{I}$-open sets and $P-\mathcal{I}$-closed sets in ideal topological spaces are discussed. Relations between $\mathcal{I}$-open sets and $P-\mathcal{I}$-open sets are provided, and several properties related to $P-\mathcal{I}$-open sets, pre-local functions, semi-local functions and ${\alpha}$-local functions with respect to a topology and an ideal are investigated.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.1281-1291
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• 2017

Let R be a strongly 2-primal ring and I a proper ideal of R. Then there are only finitely many prime ideals minimal over I if and only if for every prime ideal P minimal over I, the ideal $P/{\sqrt{I}}$ of $R/{\sqrt{I}}$ is finitely generated if and only if the ring $R/{\sqrt{I}}$ satisfies the ACC on right annihilators. This result extends "D. D. Anderson, A note on minimal prime ideals, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 122 (1994), no. 1, 13-14." to large classes of noncommutative rings. It is also shown that, a 2-primal ring R only has finitely many minimal prime ideals if each minimal prime ideal of R is finitely generated. Examples are provided to illustrate our results.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.4 s.47
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• pp.819-826
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• 1994

This study was designed to get the knowledges of the ideal arch form of the class I malocclusion patients of Koreans with first premolar extraction. The subjects consisted of 98 individuals with class I malocclusion with first premolar extraction. The results were as follows ; 1 Author found the ideal arch shape of the class I malocclusion patients with first premolar extraction. 2. Equations of ideal arch form of the class I malocclusion patients with first premolar extraction were obtained from SPSS.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.358-368
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine and fully understand the transformation of female's ideal beauty based on word analysis. In order to research the understanding of female's ideal beauty, a random research was done on 438 women, ranging from the ages 10's through 60's. From the resulting poll, a frequency analysis was performed to further analyse the meaning of ideal beauty to each sector of the age group. To the teenage's beauty awareness was defined by the word "individuality", the 20's was "confident", the 30's was "elegant", the 40's was "earnestness", the 50's was "comfortable" and the 60's was "healthy". The research proved that the younger the age group, the more exterior beauty was considered, as opposed to the older generation who found inner beauty to be of most importance.