• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2005

Objective: Evaluation of embryos using early cleavage to 2-cell stage has been proposed, but a critical time-point for selecting embryos is unclear. The aim of the present study is to provide a guideline including critical time-point in the selection of early cleaving embryo for the reduction of multiple pregnancies as well as the increase of pregnancy rate in human IVF. Methods: This prospective study was performed in 116 cycles from 85 patients who underwent conventional IVF or ICSI at the infertility clinic of Good Moonhwa Hospital from January 2002 to December 2003. Early cleavage (EC) of embryos to 2-cell stage was assessed at 25 h and 27 h postinsemination/microinjection. Embryos that had early cleaved at each time point were designated as EC-1 and EC-2, respectively, while others were designated as non-early cleavage (NEC). Results: At least one early cleavage embryo was observed in 54 (46.6%) for the EC-1 and 84 (72.4%) for the EC-2 of the 116 cycles assessed. Clinical pregnancy rates (PR) were significantly higher in the EC-1 group (66.7%) compared to the EC-2 group (53.6%) or the NEC group (31.2%) (p<0.05). Significant improvement of the pregnancy rate was found when at least two or more embryos were early cleaved at 25 h postinsemination or when the proportion of early cleavage embryo at 25 h postinsemination was higher than 20% (p<0.05). Conclusion: The critical time-point for the selection of early cleavage embryos with high implantation potential is more effective in 25 h postinsemination/microinjection compared to 27 h. The proportion as well as number of early cleavage embryos is also an important factor for the prediction of pregnancy outcome and the chance of multiple pregnancies. These results demonstrated that the evaluation of early cleavage embryos to 2-cell stage is an easy, simple, and objective method for the selection of good quality embryos suitable for embryo transfer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2019

Purpose: To observe the effectiveness of the practical instruction sheet and the educational video for left-sided breast treatment in a patient receiving deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) technique. Two parameters, simulation time and patient satisfaction, were assessed through the questionnaire. Methods: Two different approaches, which were the instruction sheet and educational video, were combinedly used to assist patients during DIBH procedures. The guideline was assigned at least 1 week before the simulation date. On the simulation day, patients would fill the questionnaire regarding their satisfaction with the DIBH instruction. The questionnaire was categorized into five levels: extremely satisfied to dissatisfied, sequentially. The patients were divided into four groups: not DIBH technique, DIBH without instruction materials, the DIBH with instruction sheet or educational video, and DIBH with both of instruction sheet and educational video. Results: Total number of 112 cases of left-sided breast cancer were analyzed. The simulation time during DIBH procedure significantly reduced when patients followed the instruction. There was no significant difference in simulation time on the DIBH procedures between patient compliance via instruction sheet or educational video or even following both of them. The excellent level was found at 4.6 ± 0.1 and 4.5 ± 0.1, for patients coaching via instruction sheet as well as on the educational video, respectively. Conclusion: Patient coaching before simulation could potentially reduce the lengthy time in the simulation process for DIBH technique. Practicing the DIBH technique before treatment is strongly advised.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.161-175
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of HPAFO(Hinged Plastic Ankle Foot orthosis) and SPAFO(Solid Plastic Ankle Foot Orthosis) on standing balance and step moving in hemiplegia patients. Twenty hemiplegic patients were either inpatient or outpatient at the Rehabilitation medicine, MokPo J General Hospital and JeonJu J Medical Center from July 15, 2002 to September 15, 2002. Patients were able to ambulate independently for at least 10 meters and to stand independently for at least 10 minutes with balance measurement tool. The static balance and dynamic activity measurement was determined by SAKAI active balancer(Japan) with wearing HPAFO and wearing SPAFO. The static balance and dynamic activity analysis was analyzed by independent t-test. The results were as follows: 1. There were no significant difference in body weight bearing percent between wearing HPAFO and wearing SPAFO(p>0.05). 2. There were significant difference in whole path length between wearing HPAFO and wearing SPAFO(p<0.05). 3. There were significant difference in Effective Value Area between wearing HPAFO and wearing SPAFO(p>0.001). 4. There were significant difference in repeated functional time between wearing HPAFO and wearing SPAFO(p>0.001). 5. There were significant difference in cadence between wearing HPAFO and wearing SPAFO(p>0.001). The result of this study showed that wearing HPAFO and wearing SPAFO gave fair amount of improvement to static standing balance and dynamic movement ability of hemiplegic patients. The comparison result showed significant differences in between HPAFO and SPAHFO. The result of this study had a general limitation due to the restricted number of cases. The future study needs more detailed research and comparison with various variance between these two orthoses.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 1998

The sense of touch has both objective and subjective characteristics. During hand evaluation of the fabrics. psycho physiological processes such as emotion and stimulation. On other site, the mode of touch (passive vs. active) is also capable to modulate somatosensory responses. I.e., suppress somatocensory perception during active electrocortical responses to passive and active touch of the textiles with different subjective emotional preference. The study was carried out on 36 female college students. Physiological signals were acquired by Grass and BIOPAC 100 systems with AcqKnowledge variables, namely heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), pulse transit time (PTT), respiration rate (RSP) and skin conductance parameters (SCL, amplitude, risetime and number of SCRs) were analyzed for baseline and stimulation conditions. Analysis was manifested in a form of moderate HR acceleration. RSP increase, RSA decrease (lowered vagal tone), decreased PTT and increased electrodermal activity (increased SCL, several SCRs) that reflects general sympathetic activation. Parietal EEG effects (on contra-lateral side to stimulated hand)were featured by short-term alpha-blocking, slightly reduced theta, significantly increased delta and enhanced fast beta activity with few variations across stimuli. The main finding of the study was that most and least preferred textures exhibited significant differences in autonomic (HR, RSP, PTT, SCR, and at less extent in RSA and SCL) and electrocortical responses (delta, slow and fast alpha, fast beta relative power). These differences were recorded both in passive and active stimulation modes, thus demonstrating reproducibility of distinction between most and least emotionally preferred tactile stimuli, suggesting influence of psychological factors, such as emotional property of stimulus, on physiological outcome.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.687-708
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• 2017

The machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is featured by tremendous number of devices, small data transmission, and large uplink to downlink traffic ratio. The massive access requests generated by M2M devices would result in the current medium access control (MAC) protocol in LTE/LTE-A networks suffering from physical random access channel (PRACH) overload, high signaling overhead, and resource underutilization. As such, fairness should be carefully considered when M2M traffic coexists with human-to-human (H2H) traffic. To tackle these problems, we propose an adaptive Slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) hybrid protocol. In particular, the proposed hybrid protocol divides the reserved uplink resource blocks (RBs) in a transmission cycle into the S-ALOHA part for M2M traffic with small-size packets and the TDMA part for H2H traffic with large-size packets. Adaptive resource allocation and access class barring (ACB) are exploited and optimized to maximize the channel utility with fairness constraint. Moreover, an upper performance bound for the proposed hybrid protocol is provided by performing the system equilibrium analysis. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with pure S-ALOHA and pure TDMA protocol under a target fairness constraint of 0.9, our proposed hybrid protocol can improve the capacity by at least 9.44% when ${\lambda}_1:{\lambda}_2=1:1$and by at least 20.53% when ${\lambda}_1:{\lambda}_2=10:1$, where ${\lambda}_1,{\lambda}_2$ are traffic arrival rates of M2M and H2H traffic, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.307-325
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• 1995

IN order to gain a fundamental data for forecast or control of fish behavior and evaluated the feasibility of an application of the modeling technique to a field, in this paper a numerical model for describing the behavior of fishes in a water tank was presented. The parameters of the model were estimated by using the time-series data on the three-dimensional position of fishes and by applying the least squares algorithm. The estimated parameters were standardized to examine the variation of parameters according to the number of individuals and flow speed that the mean values of parameters were to be zero and their variances were to be one. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) The standardized parameter $a^*$of propulsive force decreased according to increased the number of individuals and the flow speed. (2) The standardized parameter ${k_b}^*$ of interactive force increased according to increased the number of individuals, but decreased according to the flow speed. (3) The standardized parameter ${k_c}^*$ of schooling force increased according to │increased the number of individuals and the flow speed. (4) The standardized parameter │${k_w}^{+*}$│ of repulsive force against wall or bottom increased according to increased the number of individuals, but decreased according to the flow speed. (5) The standardized parameter │${k_w}^{-*}$│ of attractive force against wall or bottom was generally constant according to increased the number of individuals, but increased according to the flow speed. (6) The standardized parameter $\upsilon$ super(*) of damping force increased according to increased the number of individuals, but decreased according to the flow speed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.507-513
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• 2015

In this paper, we present the bit-error rate (BER) performance of quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QOSTBC) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system employing up to 32 transmit and receive antennas. The QOSTBC, due to its advantages in transmission rate and decoding complexity, is an important transmit diversity scheme for more than 2 transmit antennas. As massive MIMO implies very large number of antennas, practically at least more than 15 antennas, a different number of transmit and receive antennas (i.e. $2{\times}2$, $4{\times}4$, $8{\times}8$, $16{\times}16$ and $32{\times}32$) using QOSTBC for the massive MIMO system are considered. The BER performance of the massive MIMO with antennas up to $32{\times}32$ using BPSK modulation scheme is analyzed. Simulation results show that the full-rate massive MIMO systems with QOSTBC give a significant performance improvement due to increasing diversity effect, compared with previously considered massive MIMO systems.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1738-1742
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• 2005

In this study a novel triiodide ion-selective electrode based on a charge transfer complex of iodine and Bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)butane-2,3-dihydrazone (ICT), as a membrane carrier was prepared. The electrode has a linear dynamic range between 1.0 ${\times}$ $10^{-2}$ and 5.0 ${\times}$ $10^{-7}$ M, with a Nernstian slope of 58. 99 ${\pm}$ 0.3 mV $decade^{-1}$ and detection limit of 3.0 ${\times}$ $10 ^{-7}$ M. The potentiometric response of the proposed sensor is independent of the pH of the solution in the pH range of 3.0-10.0. The electrode possesses the advantages of short conditioning time, fast response time, and especially, very good selectivity over a large number of common organic and inorganic anions. The electrode can be used for at least 6 months without any considerable divergences in the potentials. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of triiodide ion with thiosulfate.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.343-356
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• 2011

This paper proposes an accelerated life evaluation of drive shaft. The life test of drive shaft for independent suspension type AWD vehicle should be performed by use of the least test sample because many number of samples can't be used for the test because of its mass capacity and high price. We calculated the no failure test time by application of no failure test concept, and the already performed test data for drive shaft are applied for some kinds of reliability coefficients which are needed for calculation of life test time. And, for analysis of real driving condition of vehicle, the load spectrum is prepared using the needed road condition and vehicle data. The inverse power model is used for accelerated life test. The equivalent torque of load spectrum is achieved by use of Miner's Rule, and then the final accelerating condition is determined by decision of the accelerated test torque. This paper shows that the accelerated life test results corresponds with the target life and the proposed life test method can be very well applied to no failure life test for mass capacity machinery components.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the clinical utility of the Four square step test (FSST) for predicting falls in stroke patients, to compare the ability of the FSST test to discriminate between subgroups of fallers, and to determine if the test has any predictive value in identifying stroke patients who will fall. Methods: Stroke patients (N=37) who could walk at least 50 m with minimal assistance were recruited consecutively when attending a physical therapy session during their rehabilitation. Dynamic standing balance was measured using the FSST. The main outcome measures were FSST time and fall number. Numbers of falls were compared with FSST scores. Differences between the groups in FSST scores were examined using a t-test and 1-way analysis of variance. Post hoc analysis using the Tukey B procedure was used to identify specific group differences. Alpha was set at 0.05. Results: A total of 15 participants (40.5%) reported falls 6 had recurrent falls (2 falls) and 9 fell once. The mean FSST time differed significantly between groups with zero and multiple falls. A cutoff score of greater than 17 seconds on the FSST was associated with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 84% for the identification of subjects with multiple risk factors for falls. Conclusion: The FSST is a feasible and valid clinical test of dynamic standing balance and can predict falls in post-stroke patients.