• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.522-527
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• 2002

The microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded OFC plates with 2mm in thickness were examined with the changing welding parameters such as welding speed, rotation speed in this study. The sounding welding conditions was acquired at the optimum welding conditions of the 41mm/min to 61mm/min of welding speed at 1250 rpm of rotation speed. The microstructure of weld zone was divided into four parts such as the base metal region (EM), thermal mechanical affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ), stir zone (SZ). The grain size in the SZ and the width of weld nugget were increased with increasing welding speed. The hardness profiles of the base metal were distributed about 80HV. The HAZ is a slightly softened region of about 60~75 HV relative to the base metal. The hardness profiles of the SZ were higher than that of base metal. The tensile strength was increased with increasing welding speed. In case increasing rotation speed, tensile strength was decreased. The maximum tensile strength was about 220:MPa which was 110% of joint efficience of that of base metal at 41mm/min of welding speed, 1250rpm of rotation speed.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.122-131
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• 1995

An automatic welding equipment for thick plates requires the capability of the seam tracking of the weld line which often includes misalignment of the workpiece and variation of groove width. In this study, an automatic welding equipment and control algorithms based on the arc sensor were proposed for the GMA welding of thick plates which had misalignment and gap variation. The developed system being constituted with 5 axis can be automatically controlled by computer and also automnatically set the welding conditions such as welding current, and voltage. The proposed algorithms for the seam tracking in multi-pass welding of the thick plates were constituted as follows : the detection of weaving-end point for findng the variation of groove width, the control of welding velocity for acquiring a constant thickness deposition of weld metal, and the calculation of groove width and height of an arbitrary pass in the multi-pass weld. As results of the application of the system, it was revealed that the system had a good capability in seam tracking and made an excellent weld quality in V groove butt joint.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.835-845
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• 1994

In this paper, the effects of the adhesive thickness and adherend roughness on the static and fatigue strengths of the adhesively bonded circular single lap joints has been investigated by an experimental method. The stacking sequence effect of the composite adherend on the static and fatigue strength and the fracture patterns of the adhesive failure were also observed. Since the circular single lap joint fails catastrophically beyond the static strength of fatigue limit, the tubular polygonal adhesively bonded joints such as triangular, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal as well as elliptical joints were manufactured in order to give partial mechanical characteristics to the adhesively bonded tubular joints. These joints were tested both in static and fatigue modes. From the experimental investigations, it was found that the fatigue strength of the circular adhesively bonded joints was much dependent on the arithmetical average surface roughness of the adherends and the polygonal adhesively bonded joints had better fatigue strength characteristics than the circular adhesively bonded joints.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2014

Variable polarity (VP) arc welding is known as an effective solution for aluminum thanks to the cleaning effect, which means oxide removal, during the DCEP (direct current electrode positive) period. In this research, VP GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) is adopted for lap joint fillet welding of 3mm thickness 5052 aluminum alloy. Various welding currents and DCEP duty cycles are applied as welding conditions with a fixed welding speed to investigate the influence of DCEP characteristics on weld bead formation. Results show a tendency of higher heat input for higher DCEP duty cycle, which result does not follow conventional arc theory because it is known that DCEN (DC electrode negative) polarity is more efficient for heat input than is DCEP. This phenomenonhas recently been reported by several VP-GTA researchers and is still controversial because the mechanism of oxide removal is not yet clear except for the previous, well-known idea of "ion bombardment", which cannot explain the situation. Finally, proper usage conditions for VP-GTAW are suggested; then, further, related theoretical topics in the field of cathode physics are brieflyintroduced.

• 동굴
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• 제66호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2005

This Paper is a study on the duality of speleothem that appeared in 'Hyeob Jae Cave' which is designated as the natural monumen. No.236. It is located at Hyeob Jae Ri, Hanrim Eub, Bug Je-ju Gun, Je-judo. The findings are as follows. 1. The distribution range of the shelly sand which has maximum thickness of $10m{\pm}$ and average of $3m{\pm}$ was $3.2m^2$. 2. The desert hollow acted to promote the speleothem deposits in the lava tunnel with lava mound formed by lavapilz and artificial breaksand wall. 3. The main component of the pseudo limestone cavern was carbonate Calcium from shelly sand. And the deposition of speleothem in the Cave was accelerated after the volcanic erupsion of Biyang island in 1002. A.D. 4. The secondary depositions of Calcite recognized as speleothem up to now it can be used for the pseudo karst in general. 5. It seems that the variety of the cave deposits is decided depending upon the geology, land form, climate, vegetations and the structural environmental factors. 6. It seems that the wondering development of accretionary deposits caused by encrusting has a close relation with intermittent seepage of ground water. 7. Finally, we can acknowledge the coexistent duality of speleothem by shelly sand along with the joint and the lava stalactites formed at the same time with the lava tunnel on the ceiling where there was no seepage.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.815-823
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• 2013

The hot curvature forming of large aluminum plates is a process used to produce spherical liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks. In this study, we describe a method to determine the optimum shape of blanks to minimize the root gap in the forming process. The method proposed in this study was applied to a small-scale model for thick plates with a curvature of 1500 mm and thickness of 6 mm. First, the shape of the curved shells was determined as the target shape, and then a coordinate transform was used to determine the optimum blank shape, which was then iteratively modified using the results of finite element method (FEM) simulations, including heat transfer, until the shape error was minimized. Experiments in forming using Al5083 thick plate were carried out, showing that the method can determine the optimum blank shape within an allowable root gap of 0.1 mm.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different frequencies (4Hz and 100Hz) of transcutaneous electrical nerve simulation (TENS) on pain relief using c-fos expression in the spinal cord of rat osteoarthritis to investigate the appropriate frequency for pain relief. METHODS: Total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats was used and randomly divided 2 groups according TENS frequency and applicate the TENS during 3 period (3 days, 7 days, 10 days). The induction of osteoarthritis by 3mg monosodium iodoacetat was injected into the right knee joint of rats. Three days later, commercially available TENS unit was used for stimulation was set to 20minutes on 3, 7, 10 days after surgery. Western blot analysis system was used to detect immunoreactive proteins. The thickness of the bands were photographically measured by Scion Image. RESULTS: When investigating the c-fos expression of TENS on spinal cord in OA knee over 10 days, between-groups differences in c-fos expression reached a significant level by day 10. For within-groups comparisons, the c-fos expression decreased significantly across days in low- and high-frequency TENS groups. CONCLUSION: Whether at low- and high-frequency, the TENS as a therapy obtained beneficial effects of pain relief and TNES at high-frequency is more beneficial effects on the pain relief when TENS applied at injury site.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2002

This paper presents the tensile behavior of a Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular (CFT) column to H-beam welded connections. These connections were externally reinforced with T-shaped stiffeners at the junction of CFT column and beam. The tensile loading tests of eighteen tee-joint connections and finite element analysis using ANSYS were carried out. The main parameters of tests are as follows: 1) the thickness of Square Steel Tubular Column : 6 mm, 9 mm, 2) the strength ratios of tensile strength of horizontal stiffeners to tensile strength of beam flange : 70 %, 100 %, 150 %, 3) the strength ratios of shear strength of vertical stiffeners to tensile strength of beam flange : 80 %, 115 %, 160 %. The results of the tests demonstrate that overall behavior and failure modes of all the specimens are governed mainly by the horizontal stiffeners rather than the vertical stiffeners, and the vertical stiffener played only a role in transferring load introduced from beam to column.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.394-398
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• 2019

In this paper, the joining characteristics of GDC-LSM ceramics with Crofer 22 APU metal alloys was investigated at different brazing temperatures and holding times by reactive air brazing. Brazing was performed using Ag-10 wt% CuO filler, at three different temperatures (1000, 1050, and 1100℃ for 30 minutes) as well as for three different holding times (10, 30, and 60 minutes at 1050℃). The interfacial microstructures were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the joining strengths were assessed by measuring shear strengths at room temperature. The results show that with increasing brazing temperature and holding time, joint microstructure changed obviously and shear strength was decreased. Shear strength varied from a maximum of 100±6 MPa to a minimum of 18±5 MPa, depending on the brazing conditions. These changes were attributed to an increase in the thickness of the oxide layer at the filler/metal alloy interface.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2018

A detailed study was carried out on the tensile properties of the single-lap joint of a steel panel bolted/bonded to a composite laminate with a flanging. Finite element model (FEM) was established to predict the strength and to analyze the damage propagation of the hybrid joints by ABAQUS/Standard, which especially adopted cohesive elements to simulate the interface between the laminate and adhesive. The strength and failure mode predicted by FEM were in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, three influence factors including adhesive thickness, bolt preload and bolt-hole clearance were studied. The results show that the three parameters have effect on the first drop load of the load-displacement curve, but the effect of bolt-hole clearance is the largest. The bolt-hole clearance should be avoided for hybrid joints.