• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.55-83
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• 2022

The United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (Singapore Mediation Convention) results in new challenges to the area of international dispute resolution by providing the enforcement regime for mediated settlement agreements, which have not been admitted as enforceable in some civil law countries, including Korea and Japan. Japan has struggled to promote international arbitration and international mediation, and such efforts were accelerated by the adoption of the Singapore Mediation Convention in 2018. In order to standardize arbitration proceedings and promote the practice of international arbitration, Japan produced two noticeable results: the new JCAA Arbitration Rules and the amendment to the Arbitration Act of Japan. In addition to that Expedited arbitration procedure and Interactive Arbitration Rules of JCAA present the new possibility of international arbitration procedure for civil law practitioners, the amendment to the Arbitration Act of Japan suggests significant implications to Korea for its manifest provisions regarding enforcement requirements and proceedings and its protection of Access to Justice for foreign law practitioners.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.163-202
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• 2020

This paper examines how Japanese society produced and reproduced a distinctively gendered history and memories of the experience of WWII and colonialism in the postwar era. We argue that these gendered narratives, which were embedded in postwar debates about the Peace Constitution and comfort women, have engendered contradictions and made the historical conflicts with neighboring countries challenging to resolve. On the one hand, this deepens conflict, but on the other, it also generates stability in East Asia. After Japan's defeat in WWII, the American Occupation government created the Peace Constitution, which permanently "renounces war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes." The removal of the state's monopoly on violence - the symbol of masculinity - resulted in Japan's feminization. This feminization led to collective forgetting of prewar imperialism and militarism in postwar Japan. While collectively forgetting the wartime history of comfort women within these feminized narratives, the conservative movement to revise the Peace Constitution attempted to recover Japan's masculinity for a new, autonomous role in international politics, as uncertainty in East Asia increased. Ironically, however, this effort strengthened Japan's femininity because it involved forgetting Japan's masculine role in the past. This forgetting has undermined efforts to achieve masculine independence, thus reinforcing dependence on the United States. Recurrent debates about the Peace Constitution and comfort women have influenced how Japanese political elites and intellectual society have constructed distinctive social institutions, imagined foreign relations, and framed contemporary problems, as indicated in their gendered restructuring of history.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.75-83
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to find how Northeast Asia(Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan) supervise herbal formulas in their pharmacopoeia.Methods : We compared items, formula's effects, formulations, etc and analyzed common formulas among Northeast Asia`s herbal pharmacopoeia (Korea(2010), China(2010), Taiwan(2013), Japan(16th Edition), drugs in Japan OTC Drugs (2007-2008))Results : The Korean Pharmacopoeia, the Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Taiwan herbal pharmacopoeia, the japanese pharmacopoeia, drugs in Japan OTC drugs and pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China have 5, 251, 200, 20, 294, 1059 formulas, respectively. In comparison of pharmacopoeia`s test item, Korea and Japan has many similarity, for example, not refer to the effect of formulas. Korea and China have many inspection test of formulations in pharmacopoeia. Each country has differences in ratio of efficacy categories. For example, China especially has a higher ratio of formulas that regulate the blood and Korea has higher ratio of formulas that calm the spirit and open the sensory orifices than those of other 3 countries. There are 17 common formulas among the 4 countries and 43 common formulas among Korea, Taiwan and Japan. Comparing dosage forms, Korea, Japan, Drugs In Japan OTC drugs, Taiwan, China uses 4, 2, 14, 3, 21 formulations, respectively.Conclusions : China has many formulations and new formulas. Taiwan and Japan supervised formulas only selected by the authorities. However, Korean pharmacopoeia has similar form with Japan and need to add more formulas on demand and new formulations.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.19-33
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• 2004

The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the contemporary health promotion policy of g Korea and Japan. The primary purpose of this comparative research project is to stimulate policy debate and to strengthen the design and implementation of evidence-based policies that improve population health and reduce health related disparities. For the purpose of the research object we adopted analysis of health promotion(HP) sources. The HP Source which is still under development in Europe, is a potentially valuable tool for global use. This European Commission funded project lead by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine has brought together organisations from all of the European Union Member States, plus Norway, Iceland, Latvia, Switzerland and the Czech Republic to contribute their data. The findings of this research will be conclude by making recommendations for further comparative studies and in particular how EUHPID and the HP Source tool and database can be expanded for use at global level through the IUHPE. The result as follows: 1. The Health Promotion Act enacted 1995 in Korea and 2000 in Japan. The government has a national document on HP titled Health Plan 2010 and Healthy Korea 2010 in Korea and Healthy Japan 21 in Japan. 2. The Health Plan 2010 of Korea contains 14 goals, i.e. life expectancy, smoking, nutrition, mental health, dental health, reproductive health, hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. It should be emphasized that the Korean HP national document adds 3 goals of health expectancy, reproductive health, and arthritis to its Japanese counterpart. Health Plan 2010 of Korea specifies 37 objectives in 14 goals, and Healthy Japan 21 proposes 48 objectives and 80 targets in 9 goals. 3. Health Plan 2010 and Healthy Japan 21 have not been evaluated yet, and no regular systematic monitoring reporting of HP policies is available in Korea and Japan yet. 4. National Health Promotion Fund is a financial source of HP programs at the national level in Korea. Its annual amount is 736 billion Won(equivalent to approximately 640 million US$), otherwise no specific Health Promotion Fund in Japan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

This study compared the recommended levels of illumination for housing. KS Recommended Levels of Illumination (KS A 3011) in Korea, Recommended Levels of Illumination (GB 50034-2004) in China and Recommended Levels of Illumination (JIS Z 9110) in Japan are compared. The results are as below. First, recommended levels of illumination used in Korea China Japan are suggested by different locations and activities. However, classification for application scope is set differently. There are 10 areas for classification used in Korea, 5 areas in China, and 13 areas in China. When medium levels for classification are included as classification level, total of 15 areas are used for classification in China. Second, when considering there are 15 areas of application scope in China for recommended levels of illumination, there are 7 areas that are commonly used in Korea China Japan. 7 areas include stadium, factories, hospitals, office, shopping center, houses and hospitals. Third, working surface is considered as the height for recommended levels of illumination in Korea China Japan. Korea and Japan consider all working positions, standing and sitting position, when deciding the height. However, China only considers the standing position. Fourth, application scope for recommended levels of illumination for housing are classified in 16 areas in Korea, 5 in China and 18 in Japan. Thus, the application scope for recommended levels of illumination in housing in Korea is similar to Japan. However, there are only 5 areas used in China such as living room, bedroom, dining room, kitchen and sanitary room. Fifth, recommended levels of illumination is classified in 3 levels such as Lowest-Moderate-Highest while China and Japan only have standard recommended levels of illumination. Sixth, when observing recommended levels of illumination by type of activities, Japan classified the activities in greatest detail followed by Korea and then China. Seventh, Recommended levels of illumination differs by each country.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.699-701
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• 2015

The high plateaus in west China may provide suitable sites for astronomical observations with the institute's middle-range telescopes and possibly with larger telescopes. Under China-Japan collaborations for site survey in west China, we have been conducting searches for good sites and monitoring their characteristics over several years. As recent results of our site survey show, sites in west Tibet are revealed with a high possibility of good astronomical observations. Weather characteristics at Gar in Ali, Tibet, show its high clear-sky ratios, especially in winter, comparable to Mauna Kea, Hawaii. But it has some wind problem in winter, where stronger wind speeds, over 20m/sec, occur frequently even though the sky is clear. To find calmer sites, we have conducted numerical simulations for the Ali area using the Japan Meteorological Agency NonHydrostatic Model. We have found another site, named ZoZo Hill, near Gar. We will continue to monitor the Gar site to clarify weather characteristics over the whole year and hopefully start to negotiate for site monitoring at ZoZo Hill this year.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2016

This thesis is the study of the effects of Korea and China to Japan's moxibutsion formation historically and the process of Japan accepting and systemizing these effects. The method to the study is to organize the features and developments of Korea, China and especially Japan periodically by focusing on literature. Japan had traveled through China and Korea to resolve the medical problems in Japan and established a traditional medical system by interacting medical technology and publications. Korea had made a tremendous role in developing Japan's traditional medical development by accepting and making a system to China's advanced medical knowledge and books to spread these to Japan. However, Japan is the most developed from those three country for moxibustion. Through the studies of Japan's moxibustion culture and the process of the development, this thesis will present methods of development and recognition to our own traditional medicine of moxibustion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.159-169
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• 2019

Objective: Models for genomic selection assume that the reference population is an unselected population. However, in practice, genotyped individuals, such as progeny-tested bulls, are highly selected, and the reference population is created after preselection. In dairy cattle, the intensity of selection is higher in males than in females, suggesting that cows can be added to the reference population with less bias and loss of accuracy. The objective is to develop formulas applied to any genomic prediction studies or practice with preselected animals as reference population. Methods: We developed formulas for calculating the reliability and bias of genomically enhanced breeding values (GEBV) in the reference population where individuals are preselected on estimated breeding values. Based on the formulas presented, deterministic simulation was conducted by varying heritability, preselection percentage, and the reference population size. Results: The number of bulls equal to a cow regarding the reliability of GEBV was expressed through a simple formula for the reference population consisting of preselected animals. The bull population was vastly superior to the cow population regarding the reliability of GEBV for low-heritability traits. However, the superiority of reliability from the bull reference population over the cow population decreased as heritability increased. Bias was greater for bulls than cows. Bias and reduction in reliability of GEBV due to preselection was alleviated by expanding reference population. Conclusion: Cows are easier in expanding reference population size compared with bulls and alleviate bias and reduction in reliability of GEBV of bulls which are highly preselected than cows by expanding the cow reference population.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare intended and actual yearly genetic gains for milk production and conformation traits and to investigate the simple selection criterion practiced among milk production and conformation traits during the last two decades in Japan. Learning how to utilize the information on intended and actual genetic gains during the last two decades into the genomic era is vital. Methods: Genetic superiority for each trait for four paths of selection (sires to breed bulls [SB], sires to breed cows [SC], dams to breed bulls [DB], and dams to breed cows [DC]) was estimated. Actual practiced simple selection criteria were investigated among milk production and conformation traits and relative emphasis on milk production and conformation traits was compared. Results: Selection differentials in milk production traits were greater than those of conformation traits in all four paths of selection. Realized yearly genetic gain was less than that intended for milk production traits. Actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Retrospective selection weights of milk production and conformation traits were 0.73:0.27 and 0.56:0.44 for intended and realized genetic gains, respectively. Conclusion: Selection was aimed more toward increasing genetic gain in milk production than toward conformation traits over the past two decades in Japan. In contrast, actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Balanced selection between milk production and conformation traits tended to be favored during actual selection. Each of four paths of selection (SB, SC, DB, and DC) has played an individual and important role. With shortening generation interval in the genomic era, a young sire arises before the completion of sire's daughters' milk production records. How to integrate these four paths of selection in the genomic era is vital.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.804-813
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• 2022

Objective: A formula is needed that is practical for current livestock breeding methods and that predicts the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs (sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters). The formula widely used to predict inbreeding neglects selection, we need to develop a new formula that can be applied with or without selection. Methods: The core of the prediction is to incorporate the long-tern genetic influence of the selected parents in four-selection paths executed as sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters. The rate of inbreeding was computed as the magnitude that is proportional to the sum of squared long-term genetic contributions of the parents of four-selection paths to the selected offspring. Results: We developed a formula to predict the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values and with discrete generations. The new formula can be applied with or without selection. Neglecting the effects of selection led to underestimation of the rate of inbreeding by 40% to 45%. Conclusion: The formula we developed here would be highly useful as a practical method for predicting the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs.