• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-131
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to grasp the nature of health behavior to pactice in order to keep and improve the optimal health in the current status of the cancer patients. The subjects were 21 cancer patients, who knew about their disease for themselves, could communicate without mental disease history, and could understand the purpose of this study and cooperate, in a university hospital in Seoul. The data were collected by direct interview from July 15 to Oct. 17, 1994. The interview took about 1~2hours per one time for each paitent by unstructural and open questions. And they were classified into some similar contents on the basis of the phenomenological analysis and categorized. The analyzed results are as follows: 1) In the daily life before and after diagnosis as cancer patients, they were categorized into 6 areas-the state of movement, sleeping, nutrition and diet, society and economy, drinking and somking, and recognition of their health. 2) In the experience of health behavior of cancer patents, they were categorized into 7 areas-the state of movement, sleeping, nutrition and diet, society and economy, drinking and smoking, recognition of their health, and psychology etc. According to the analyzed results of daily life before diagnosis as cancer patients, it turned out that they didn't recognize the problems for their health habit and made their disease state bad by irresolute characteristics which hesitated to practice rightly, renunciation, and irresponsibility and so on, even if they had much interests in their health and were motivated. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and have an individual-centric interests in order to change the pattern of life for optimal health state to some extent. In the health behavior of cancer patients, it turned out that they had interests in the state of nutrition and diet the most. Even though they experienced the change of serious nutritive state due to the bad gastroenteric trouble by anticancer treatment, they were trying to have a regular eating habit refraining from irritant food and use folk remedies or healthy food temperating the taste food thoroughly, they also showed the sensitive response for nutrition. In addition, they appeared to use the traditional medical treatment or the folk remedies very seriously without abuse. In consideration of it, it is desirable to use them together with the modern medical treatment intercomplementarily and necessary to look into the types for cancer patients and their benefits.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.35-41
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of skin hydration and anti-irritation of exopolysaceharide (GF-glucan) produced from submerged culture of Grifola frondosa. The moisturizing effects and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) of GF-glucan in cosmetic products (O/W emulsion) were clinically studied. GF-glucan showed good skin hydration effects when compared with sodium hyaluronate which is a commonly using moisturizer. The skin protective effects of GF-glucan against sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were also found. Twice a day application of the CF-glucan to skin reduced local inflammation remarkably. Irritant reactions were assessed by various aspects of skin function, erythema (skin color reflectance), hydration (electrical capacitance) and TEWL. In the human skin test, 5-day treatment of the GF-glucan was found to reduce SLS-induced skin erythema and Improve bier regeneration. Taken all together, GF-glucan should be a very useful cosmetic ingredient, as a moisturizer, and a protecting agent for various skin irritations.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2021

Saccharomyces lysate has the well-known function of soothing the skin in various ways: it is an anti-irritant and can treat skin care conditions, such as skin whitening and antioxidative activity. However, data on the safety for use of Saccharomyces lysate in cosmetics and skin care products are still limited. To design a new cosmetic material with antioxidant and skin-whitening effects, 80 yeast strains were isolated from berries grown in Sunchang. Among the isolates, the FT4-4 strain, which exhibited superior biological activities, was selected for further experiments. The FT4-4 strain was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 18S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. S. cerevisiae FT4-4 showed higher DPPH radical-scavenging (51.41%), superoxide dismutase (62.23%), and tyrosinase inhibition (64.75%) activities. The highest yield of biomass (3.16 g/l) and maximum growth rate of S. cerevisiae FT4-4 were observed within 16 h. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity potential of S. cerevisiae FT4-4 on B16F10 melanoma cells was measured by an MTT assay, and the results indicated that S. cerevisiae FT4-4 had a capacity to inhibit melanin up to 72.02% at an initial 10 mg/ml concentration. These results suggest that S. cerevisiae FT4-4 could be a promising candidate as a multi-functional material for application in the cosmetic industry, especially because of its antioxidant and skin-whitening effects.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.275-283
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• 2021

This study presents the development of cell-based microfluidic chips for the performance of acute eye irritation tests due to chemicals and examined some of their applications. Microfluidic chips were fabricated by photolithography and soft lithography, and they had three compartments with different areas for cell culture. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells were used for the eye irritation test. The death of cells cultured inside the chip was monitored at regular time intervals after treatment with an aqueous solution of chemicals, and the cell death rate constants were calculated based on the viability curve. The performance of the microfluidic chip was verified by examining the effects of cell-cell junctions, cell-substrate adhesion, and initial cell numbers compared to cell death rates. Eye irritation tests were performed at various concentrations of an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a standard substance for the eye irritant test. The cells were exposed to the SDS aqueous solution for 300 s, and the resulting eye irritation was assessed by cell viability. Finally, the equation for calculating the toxicity score (TS) was derived based on the weighting factor for each compartment in the chip. The cell-based microfluidic chip developed in this study may be used for eye irritation tests from chemicals used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.34
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• pp.7.1-7.10
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• 2022

Background: Occupational skin diseases are skin conditions that occur or worsen in relation to work and known to be the second most common type of occupational disease affecting individuals in the United States. In Korea, epidemiological reports related to occupational skin diseases are rare. But, no cases of occupational contact dermatitis caused by welding and grinding work have been reported previously. Case presentation: Nine male workers working in the production department for liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships in Ulsan complained of erythematous papules/patches and itching in various areas of the body after welding and grinding work. The work environment monitoring report revealed that the amount of nickel dust exceeded the time weighted average (TWA) and poor local ventilation status. Based on the symptoms and the overall results of surveys, several tests, and work environment monitoring report, the 2 workers who had positive patch-test reactions to nickel were diagnosed with nickel dust-induced allergic contact dermatitis. The other 7 workers were diagnosed that there was a high probability that they had nickel dust-induced irritant contact dermatitis. The 2 workers who had nickel dust-induced allergic contact dermatitis were recommended to switch their jobs. Conclusions: Nickel is one of the most common cause of allergic contact dermatitis. In this case, the dust was assumed to be created by welding work with a high nickel content new welding rod and subsequent grinding work, and the concentration of this dust exceeded the time weighted average. Thus, it is thought that the nickel dust may have caused contact dermatitis through continuous contact with the workers' exposed skin in a poorly ventilated space. Currently, several domestic shipbuilding companies are manufacturing LNG tankers using a new construction method. Consequently, it is highly likely that similar cases will occur in the future, which makes this case report meaningful.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.261-266
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• 2012

It is common to use many experiment animals to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals including pesticides. For protecting animal, the concepts of 3R (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement) were introduced and in vitro alternatives methods actively have been developed all over the world. Many experimental animals for toxicological tests have been used, so that it is important to establish the alternative methods. In this study, the alternative method using reconstituted human skin model (Keraskin$^{TM}$) was conducted for classification of skin irritation on pesticides. Sixteen formulations selected on the basis of the degree of irritation were treated by Keraskin$^{TM}$ test. The percent of cell viability was measured into the culture medium collected after treatment of the pesticides for 24-72 hrs. The skin irritations of formulations were evaluated by the cell viability. In this study, The 4 formulations with mild irritation in rabbits were evaluated as nonirritant, the 6 formulations with moderate and severe irritation were evaluated as irritant in human skin model test. We suggest that the alternative test using Keraskin$^{TM}$ model could be used as toxicity evaluation for primary irritation index (P.I.I.) score of greater than or equal to 2.1 of pesticides. The further studies should be required to apply for hazardous assessment of pesticides on alternative skin irritation methods because of the interindividual variability of the sensitivity of skin irritation on pesticides.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.352-356
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to introduce the toxicological study review to evaluate the safety of PDMS on the 69th JECFA meeting. Polydimethylsiloxane is a polymer and its ADI was established at 23rd JECFA meeting in 1979. The ADI was maintained although the specification was expanded at its 26th, 29 th, 37 th meetings. Recently, it was reported that PDMS with low molecular weight and viscosity has high absorption rate and different toxicity, so it was submitted at 69th meeting. Toxicological studies of PDMS were submitted from the sponsor and additional information is collected from a document searching. The toxicological studies were reviewed in accordance with the 'Guidelines for the preparation of toxicological working papers for the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives'. In the available acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies on PDMS, dose-related increases in incidence and severity of ocular lesions(corneal crystal, inflammation of the corneal epithelium etc.) were consistently observed after oral dosing. It seems to be a local irritant effect, but the mechanism by which the ocular lesions arose is unclear, although the lack of absorption of PDMS indicates that it is unlikely to be a direct systemic effect. Consequently, the relevance of the ocular lesions for food use of PDMS could not be determined. The ADI of PDMS was re-established from 0-1.5 mg/kg bw/day to 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day by applying additional safety factor 2 based on its ocular toxicity. The result of 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day is a temporary ADI until further data are provided to 2010.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.330-339
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• 2008

Ceramide, cholesterol and free fatty acids are the major intercellular lipids, maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier. However, the roles of these lipids in canine skin barrier function are little known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repairing effects of 2% ceramide (CER), 2% cholesterol (CHO), 2% linoleic acid (LIN) and 2% intercellular lipid mixture (ILM) on damaged canine skin barrier by 1.25% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin pH and skin thickness were assessed. Histological profiles and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) profiles were assessed on day 12. SLS effectively induced the canine skin barrier damage. TEWL was significantly decreased by topical application of CER and ILM in SLS and vehicle-treated skin on day 8 and 12, respectively (p < 0.05, p < 0.0 I). By end of the experiment all lipids significantly decreased the TEWL as compared with SLS and vehicle control, but CER and ILM more significantly decreased the TEWL than UN and CHO, respectively (p < 0.01). Skin hydration was significantly increased by CER and ILM during experimental periods (p < 0.01). Skin pH was significantly decreased by CER, LIN and ILM. In histological profiles, the thickness of the stratum corneum (SC) was significantly increased by the SC lipids as compared with vehicle and SLS (p < 0.01). Especially, CER and ILM showed more prominent improvement of barrier recovery. In TEM of the SC, SLS induced exfoliations of corneodesmosomes in the SC, and CER and ILM effectively protected exfoliations of corneodesmosomes on SLS-damaged canine skin. These results indicated that topical application of CER and ILM dramatically improved damaged-skin barrier function by SLS. Also, it was considered that the use of CER or ILM was recommended for the management of skin barrier dysfunction by irritant and inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.4 s.55
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• pp.785-799
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• 1996

We investigated the 1,004 workers who worked in a automobile factory to study the epidemiologic characterists of dermatoses due to cutting oils. Among the workers, 667(66.4%) answered the questionaire. They are belong to 5 departments of the factory-the Engine-Work(258 workers), Gasoline engine Assembly(210), Diesel engine Assembly(96), Power train Work(86), Power train Assembly(17). We measured the oil mist concentration in air of the departments and examined the workers who had dermatologic symptoms. The results were follows; 1) Oil mist concentration ; Of all measured points(52),9 points(17.2%) exeeded $5mg/m^3$- the time-weighed PEL-and one department had a upper confidence limit(95%) higher than $5mg/m^3$. 2) Dermatologists examined 213 workers. 172 of them complained any skin symptoms at that time - itching(32.5%), papule(21.6%), scale(15.7%), vesicle(12.5%) in order. The abnormal skin site found by dermatologist were palm(29.3%), finger & nail(24.6%), forearm(16.2%), back of hand(8.4%) in order. 3) As the result of physical examination, we found that 160 workers had skin diseases. Contact dermatitis was the most common; 69 workers had contact dermatitis alone(43.1%), 11 had contact dermatitis with acne(6.9%), 10 had contact dermatitis with folliculitis(6.3%), 1 had contact dermatitis with acne & folliculitis, and 1 had contact dermatitis with abnormal pigmentation. Others were folliculitis(9 workers, 5.6%), acne(8, 5.0%), folliculitis & acne (2, 1.2%), keratosis(1, 0.6%), abnormal pigmentation (1, 0.6%), and non-specific hand eczema (47, 29.3%). 4) The prevalence of any skin diseases was 34.0 pet 100 in cutting oil users, and 13.3 per 100 in non- users. Especially, the prevalence of contact dermatitis was 23.0 per 100 in cutting oil users and 23.0 per 100 in non-users. 5) We tried patch test(standard serise, oil serise, organic solvents) on 49 patients to differentiate allergic contact dermatitis from irritant contact dermatitis and found 20 were positive. 6) In a multivariate analysis(independant=age, tenure, kinds of cutting oil), the risk of skin diseases was higher in the water-based cutting oil user and both oil user than non-user or neat oil user(odds ratio were 2.16 and 2.78, respectively). And the risk of contact dermatitis was much higher at the same groups(odds ratio were 5.16 and 6.82, respectively).