• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.107-118
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• 2024

Nociplastic pain by the "International Association for the Study of Pain" is defined as pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of nociceptive or neuropathic pain. Augmented central nervous system pain and sensory processing with altered pain modulation are suggested to be the mechanism of nociplastic pain. Clinical criteria for possible nociplastic pain affecting somatic structures include chronic regional pain and evoked pain hypersensitivity including allodynia with after-sensation. In addition to possible nociplastic pain, clinical criteria for probable nociplastic pain are pain hypersensitivity in the region of pain to non-noxious stimuli and presence of comorbidity such as generalized symptoms with sleep disturbance, fatigue, or cognitive problems with hypersensitivity of special senses. Criteria for definitive nociplastic pain is not determined yet. Eight specific disorders related to central sensitization are suggested to be restless leg syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorder, migraine or tension headache, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities, and whiplash injury; non-specific emotional disorders related to central sensitization include anxiety or panic attack and depression. These central sensitization pain syndromes are overlapped to previous functional pain syndromes which are unlike organic pain syndromes and have emotional components. Therefore, nociplastic pain can be understood as chronic altered nociception related to central sensitization including both sensory components with nociceptive and/or neuropathic pain and emotional components. Nociplastic pain may be developed to explain unexplained chronic pain beyond tissue damage or pathology regardless of its origin from nociceptive, neuropathic, emotional, or mixed pain components.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1491-1500
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• 2024

Inflammation is a biodefense mechanism that provides protection against painful conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, other gastrointestinal problems, and irritable bowel syndrome. Paraprobiotics have probiotic characteristics of intestinal modulation along with merits of safety and stability. In this study, heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU15122 (KU15122) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory properties. KU15122 was subjected to heat-killed treatment for enhancement of its safety, and its concentration was set at 8 log CFU/mL for conducting different experiments. Nitric oxide production was most remarkably reduced in the KU15122 group, whereas it was increased in the LPS-treated group. In RAW 264.7 cells, KU15122 inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. ELISA revealed that among the tested strains, KU15122 exhibited the most significant reduction in PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6. Moreover, KU15122 inhibited various factors involved in the nuclear factor-kappa B, activator protein-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, KU15122 reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species. The anti-inflammatory effect of KU15122 was likely attributable to the bacterial exopolysaccharides. Conclusively, KU15122 exhibits anti-inflammatory potential against inflammatory diseases.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제11권sup2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2008

Chronic abdominal pain, defined as long-lasting intermittent or constant abdominal pain, is a common pediatric problem encountered by primary care physicians and medical subspecialists. Chronic abdominal pain in children is usually functional, i.e., without objective evidence of an underlying organic disorder. Functional abdominal pain is categorized as functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, abdominal migraine, and aerophagia according to the Rome II criteria for pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders. There is insufficient evidence to state that the nature of abdominal pain or the presence of associated symptoms can discriminate between functional and organic disorders. The presence of alarming symptoms or signs, such as weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, persistent fever, and chronic severe diarrhea, is associated with a higher prevalence of organic disease. Most children with chronic abdominal pain are unlikely to require diagnostic testing; such children often need pharmacologic and behavioral therapy.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.54-66
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antidiarrheal effects of Anjang-san in mice and rats. Methods: We measured the content of condensed tannin in Anjang-san extract, and observed the effects of Anjang-san on the small intestinal and colonic transport of mice, as well as on mice models of diarrhea induced by castor oil and $MgSO_4$, and on rat models of castor oil-induced enteropooling. Results: Anjang-san showed significant inhibitory effects on abnormally increased small intestinal transit induced by pyridostigmine and neostigmine, and inhibitory effects on large intestinal transit. Anjang-san also exhibited antidiarrheal effects on diarrhea induced by $MgSO_4$, and inhibitory effects on castor oil-induced enteropooling. Anjang-san also improved castor oil-induced diarrhea based on simple numbers without statistical significance. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that Anjang-san has significant antidiarrheal properties and attests to its possible utility in functional diarrheas, irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders based upon further studies.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2005

Health care providers working with IBS patients are challenged in that the underlying pathophysiology remains poorly defined and treatments are not universally effective (American College of Gastroenterology Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Task Force, 2002). Nurses often work with patients to identify factors provoking or alleviating symptoms and based on these observations hone strategies to manage symptoms. Understanding stress induced alterations in sleep and ANS function may provide important clues as to additional self-management strategies to test.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2011

Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) is a common complaint encountered in pediatric clinics and a great concern for patients and their caretakers as well as health care professionals. A constant challenge is detecting individuals with organic diseases or psychosomatic disorders from the majority of patients who have a functional disorder including functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, and abdominal migraine. Beginning with a detailed history and physical examination, physicians must determine a differential diagnosis of CAP by applying the symptom-based Rome III criteria to positively identify a functional disorder. These findings should then be further analyzed based on diagnostic clues and red flags that indicate the presence of specific organic diseases and/or the need for further testing. Once a functional diagnosis has been made or an organic disease is suspected, physicians can initiate an empiric therapeutic trial. Since psychological distress accompanies both organic and non-organic abdominal pain in children, a cooperative diagnostic approach involving pediatricians and psychiatrists is recommended.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2006

Chronic recurrent abdominal pain is a common manifestation in children. Functional abdominal pain is the most common cause of chronic abdominal pain and can be diagnosed properly by the physician without the requirement of specific evaluation when there are no alarm symptoms or signs. Functional abdominal pain is categorized as functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, abdominal migraine, and aerophagia, according to the Rome II criteria for pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders. New concepts on the pathogenesis of functional abdominal pain include brain-gut interaction, visceral hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal dysmotility, inflammation, autonomic dysfunction, genetic predisposition, and triggering factors including psycho-social stress.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2024

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Although recommendations for probiotic use should be strain-specific, many systematic reviews, including recommendations from different societies, recommend probiotic use in general, providing no relevant information for healthcare professionals regarding which probiotic to recommend for which clinical indication, at what dose, and for how long. This narrative review aimed to present the available evidence on the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of common gastrointestinal diseases in children, considering the strain and dose used. Furthermore, this study summarizes the evidence on the possible side effects and quality of products containing probiotics.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2000

Objectives : This studies were performed to investigate the correlation between the treatment effects and the changes of the thermal differences at the pre and post-treatment by using the digital infrared computer thermographic imaging (D.I.T.I) to the irritable colon syndrome 30 patients. Methods : The extracts of the gwakhyangjunggisan were administerd to the patients by oral method three times per day during four weeks. we selected the Chung-Wan($CV_{12}$), Chunchu($S_{25}$). Hapkok($LI_4$), Naegwan($P_6$), Yongdo($H_4$) acupoints and treated the patients two times per week during four weeks. One week later, we investigated the changes of the pressure pain around left side Pokkyol($SP_{14}$), the symptoms. and the skin temperature changes on Pokkyol($SP_{14}$) and Kimun($LR_{14}$) around, by using the D.I.T.I. Results : In the correlation between the severity of the pressure pain around left side Pokkyol($SP_{14}$) and the thermal differences on Pokkyol($SP_{14}$) and Kimun($LR_{14}$) around, before the treatment, the more the pain was severe, the more the skin temperature was differential significantly. In the correlation between the severity of the symptoms and the thermal differences on Pokkyol($SP_{14}$) and Kimun($LR_{14}$) around, before the treatment, the more the symptom was severe, the more the skin temperature was differential significantly. In the changes of the pressure pain around left side of Pokkyol($SP_{14}$), the improved were significantly higher than the unimproved. In the changes of the symptoms, the improved were significantly higher than the unimproved. In the correlation between the changes of the pressure pain around left side Pokkyol($SP_{14}$) and the changes of the thermal differences at the pre and post- treatment, the more the pain was improved, the more the thermal change was widened significantly. In the correlation between the changes of the symptoms and the changes of thermal differences at the pre and post-treatment, the more the symptom was improved. the more the thermal change was widened significantly. Conclusions : Above the results, the treatments was effective and the digital infrared computer thermographic imaging (D.I.T.I) was useful to prove the improvements of the pressure pain and the symptom with the irritable bowel syndrome patients.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.153-166
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• 2013

Yang deficiency pattern is a representative syndrome differentiation. This article is a study on to which categories of modern diseases yang deficiency is assigned by reference to modern clinical papers and the meaning of yang deficiency interpreted with a perspective of Korean Medicine and a modern perspective. Yang deficiency, yang qi deficiency, lack of yang qi and yang qi debilitation are the words found in "Nei Ching" and yang qi can be interpreted as something to warm, drive and arouse. Zhangzhongjing considered recovery or loss of Yang as the key to life in "Shanghanlun". Danxi proposed "Yang being liable to hyperactivity, Yin being insufficient" and emphasized pathological ministerial fire of Yang exuberance rather than physiological ministerial fire of Yang deficiency. Zhangjingyue proposed "Yang not being in excess, Yin being often deficient" and understood growth and decline of yin qi are all led by yang qi and put emphasis on true yin in addition to yang qi. Diseases of yang deficiency pattern are related with decline of metabolic level, hypofunction of internal secretion, disorder of immune function, disorder of automatic nerve system, sympathetic nerve inhibition, metabolic disorder of microelements, increase of cGMP, change of microcirculation, low speed of blood stream, kidney malfunction. Diseases related with kidney are sterility, polycystic ovary syndrome, spinal stenosis, edema, renal failure, IgA nephropathy, erectile dysfunction, nephritis, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, decrease of adrenal cortical hormone by nephrotic syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome. Disease related with heart are heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, pulmonary heart disease. Diseases related with spleen are irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis. Diseases related with liver are hypothyroidism, liver cirrhosis ascites, hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis, hepatic diabetes. Diseases related with lung are allergic rhinitis, cough variant asthma, bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema. And diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, aplastic anemia, headache, encephalatrophy, Alzheimer's disease are also related with yang deficiency.