• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.248-262
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• 1990

General purpose of the study was to understend nutritional status of the Korean farmers and thus provide rural nutrition intervention programs with more useful in formation and data. The data for the study was collected two times from the 603 sample farm households in 1982 and 1987. The main results of the study were as follows ; 1) Food intake of the Korean farmers was highly dependent upon vegetable foods especially on cereals and gains. However the unbalanced food intake pattern was gradually improved as consumption of vegetable foods was decreased from 992.8 grams per person per day in 1982 to 946.4g in 1987 and that of animal foods increased from 54.2g to 91.4g . 2) In mean value analysis on nutrient intake of the farmeres intakes of energy and protein were nearly reached to Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDA) level; intakes of calcium vitamin A and riboflavin were quite deficient whereas iron thiamin niacin and ascorbic acid were well over. From 1982 to 1987 intakes of all nutrients except energy were increased. 3) In distribution analysis on nutrient intake coefficient of variation(CV) of all nutrients except iron was increased. skewness(SK) the coefficients of calcium iron vitamin A riboflavin and ascorbic acid were decreased Kurtosis (Ku) of iron and vitamin A was increased. On the whole distributions of nutrient intake of the farmers were changed in undesirable ways although the mean values of the nutrient intake were improved 4) In relationship analysis among 115 relationships 76 relationships were consistent between 1982 and 1987. Of 76 consistent relationships only 10 relationship were significant at 5% level such as the protein intake level and the balance of food intake calcium intake level and the age etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.91-91
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• 2001

Nramp2, also known as DMT1 and DCT1, is a 12-transmembrane domain protein responsible for dietary iron uptake as well as metal ions such as lead, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, and cobalt. High expression of DMT1 increase lead uptake, and DMT1-dependent lead transport was H -dependent and inhibited by iron ions. The molecular mechanism of lead transport in CNS is as yet unknown. although interactions between iron and lead at the level of absorption have been known for some time. The process of lead uptake into astrocytes was not known yet. Nramp2 may mediate transport of heavy metal into astrocytes. We investigated whether Nramp2 mediate transport of lead into astrocytes. And we do whether Nramp2 was expressed highly by deprivation of iron in Astrocytes, and lead uptake into astrocytes was influenced by expression of Nramp2. Immortalized human fetal astrocyte(SV-FHA) cells were cultured in medium containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and treated with Deferoxamine. Northern blot analysis was done for determining mRNA level of DMT1 and lead uptake assay was done in incubation condition of pH 5.5 and 7.4.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.526-530
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• 1996

In this paper, three different types of commercially tools-P20, NC123K and ceramic-have been used to working austempered ductile iron(ADI). In the austempered condition the materials are hard, strong and difficult to machine. Thus, we selected a optimum tool material among three different types of used tools in machining of austempered ductile iron. It was used acoustic emission(AE) to know cutting characteristic for selected tool and flank wear land of the ceramic too. The obtained results are as follows; (1) The ceramic tool among three different types of tools is the best in machining austempered ductile iron. (2) In case of ceramic tool, the amplitude level of AE signal(AErms) is mainly affected bycutting speed in cutting speed in cutting condition and it is proportioned to cutting speed. (3) There have the relationship of direct proportion between the amplitude level of AE signal and flank wear land of the tool. (4) If it find the value of AErms at each cutting speed, the in-process detection to ceramic tool's wear is possible

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.25-31
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• 1996

In this paper, three different types of commercial tools -P20, NC123K and ceramic- have been used to cut austempered ductile iron(ADI). In the austempered condition the materials are hard, strong and difficult to machine. Thus, we selected a optimum tool material among three different types of used tools in machining of austempered ductile iron. It was used acoustic emission (AE) to know cutting characteristic for selected tool and investigate characteristic of AE signal according to cutting condition and relationship between AE signal and flank wear land of the ceramic tool. The obtained results are as follows ; (1) The ceramic tool among three different types of tools is the best in machining austempered ductile iron. (2) In case of ceramic tool, the amplitude level of AE signal(AErms) is mainly affected by cutting condition and it is proportional to cutting speed. (3)There have been the relationship of direct proportion between the amplitude level of AE signal and flank wear land of the tool. (4) It was observed that the value of AErms was only affected by cutting speed. Therefore it is possible to in-process detec- tion of ceraic tool's wear in case the initial value of AErms at each cutting speed decided.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.17 s.17
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• pp.57-64
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• 2005

In the course of examining the micro structure of Iron chisel and Iron arrowhead, a relics of the 16th or 17th of Chosun Dynasty unearthed at near Gangsun-tower, Chengpyeong temple. Collected un-eroded samples from the relics were looked into the metallic structure through optical metallography. Non-metallic inclusions were-analysed by SEM and EDS. The micro structure examination and SEM-SDS analysis revealed that Iron chisel and Iron arrowhead had been produced from the sponge iron close to pure iron made by low temperature reducing in a solid and then the surface carbon content was increased by carburizing treatment. It was also found that Iron chisel had been hardened through the repetitive processes of quench hardening and heat treatment, after increasing carbon content to a certain level. Up to now, there have been a number of studies in the domestic academia which were studied mainly on the structure of metallic relics in the period of the Three Kingdoms or before. Although this research was limited in type and number of the relics, it turned out to be interesting in that it revealed the 16th or 17th century way of processing iron, even in fragments. It is thought to be fruitful that iron had been made even in the Chosun Dynasty from the sponge iron.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.43-54
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• 2004

In the course of examining the metallic structure of Iron chisel and Iron arrowhead, a relics of the 16th or 17th of Chosun Dynasty unearthed at near Gangsun-tower, Chengpyeong temple, we collected un-eroded samples from the relics and looked into the metallic structure through mounting, grinding and polishing, and etching, while analyzing non-metallic inclusion via SEM and EDS. The research metallic structure and SEM-SDS analysis, found that Iron chisel and Iron arrowhead had been produced from sponge iron close to pure Iron made by solid low heat reducing and then increased in rate of carbon by carburizing, It also found that Iron chisel had been hardened through the repetitive process of quench hardening and heat treatment, after being increased in amount of carbon to a certain level. Up to now, there have been a number of studies in the domestic academia which were made primarily of the structure of metallic relics of three countries the period or tile era before that. Although this research was limited in type and number of the relics, it turned out to be Interesting in that it revealed the 16thor 17th century way of processing iron, even in fragments. It is thought to be fruitful that we found iron had been made even in the Chosun Dynasty from sponge iron. It is recommended that researches be made on the relics later to be excavated and originally made in $Kory\breve{o}$ or Chosun Dynasty, because they are important in history of metal technology.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.803-813
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• 2003

Literature suggests that iron deficiency anemia is prevalent among pregnant women all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the iron status of pregnant women during the fist five months, with the intention of determining ways to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Korea. We collected dietary information and measured the biochemical status of iron in 171 pregnant women over 16 weeks of gestation (=16.7$\pm$2.34 week). Dietary intakes for 3 days were collected using the 24 hour recall and food record methods. The daily Fe intake was measured using the food frequency method. The Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated by using the pre-pregnancy weight and height, indicated that 31.3% of subjects were under-weight. We divided the subjects into normal and anemic group by using the serum ferritin levels. It appeared that the mean dietary intake of iron was 52.3% of the recommended level for pregnant women. The dietary quality evaluation showed that pregnant women ate only 58% of the recommended amount in the food groups of meat, fish, eggs, beans and milk and dairy products. The hematological indices showed that the mean Hemoglobin (Hb) was 11.9 g/dl, Hematocrit (Hct) was 35.1%, ferritin was 23.9 $ng/ml$, and transferrin was 297.3 ${\mu}g/dl$. The dietary intake of iron was significantly lower and the vitamin C intake was significantly higher in the anemic group. The pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly lower in the anemic group. Variables affecting iron intake were the Fe intake frequency index and the food group score. The Fe index showed significantly positive correlation with the pre-pregnancy food intake and the food group score. Hb showed a significantly positive correlation with the pre-pregnancy food intake. We concluded that strategies to improve iron status be implemented in the pre-pregnant stage so as to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency and that we should stress on the importance of an adequate diet as well as the maintenance of a heathy weight.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.507-516
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation on the iron contents and oxidative stress of the rats. Rats were fed 18g ascorbic acid and 300IU $\alpha$-tocopherol/kg diet, respectively. Rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5 and 7 month of age. The blood, liver and brain were selected for the quantitation of iron and malondialdehyde(MDA) contents, glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx), superoxided dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activity. Iron and MDA contents and GSHPx activities were increased with aging. Vitamin C and Vitamin E supplementation increased iron contents of the plasma. Vitamin C raised iron contents, but vitamin E decreased iron contents of the liver. In the brain vitamin C and vitamin E did not affect the iron level. MDA levels were decreased with vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation in the erythrocyte and liver, and vitamin C supplementation elevated MDA levels in the brain. GSHPx activity was increased with vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation. SOD activities of erythroucyte and brain were not affected with age, but in the liver, SOD activity was raised with age and vitamin C supplementation. Vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation promoted CAT activity of erythroucyte and liver, and CAT activity of brain was eleveated with vitamin addition but was decreaed with vitamin E addition. Vitamin C and vitamin E decreased iron contents of blood plasma, MDA contents of plasma and liver, and CAT activity of erythrocyte. Above results indicated that iron contents and biomarkers of oxidative stress were more affected by age than antioxidant action of vitamin C and vitamin E.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 1998

The present study was designed to compare the nutrient intake and iron status of athletic female students majoring in aerobics (n=18) to those of age-matched(20-22 yr) sedentary controls (n=19). The athletic students were exercising regularly for 9.1$\pm$1.4 hrs/wk and the mean training period of aerobics was 2.9$\pm$0.2 years. Means of height, weight, and body mass index calculated as the Quetlet index were similar between athletic and sedentary students. However, mean body fat % of the athletic students (22.3$\pm$1.0%) was significantly lower than that of the sedentary controls (25.8$\pm$0.6%), indicating the effects of routine exercise. Mean daily iron intake was not significantly different between groups (9.9$\pm$0.7 mg vs. 10.9$\pm$0.8 mg), but much lower than the Korean RDA (18 mg/d) in both groups. Dietary calcium intake of the athletic students was significantly lower than that of the sedentary controls. Hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) values were significantly lower in the athletic students than in the sedentary students (Hct : 40.0$\pm$0.7% vs. 43.8$\pm$0.5% ; Hb : 12.6$\pm$0.3g/dl vs. 14.8$\pm$0.3 g/dl). However, other iron status values such as serum iron, TIBC, and transferrin saturation were not significantly different between groups. Therefore, the low hemoglobin levels in the athletic group are probably due to plasma dilution in endurance-trained individuals. Serum ferritin level was a little lower in the athletic group, but no significant difference between groups was found. Serum triglyceride concentration in the athletic students was significantly lower than that in the control students. In conclusion the findings suggest that regular training of female athletes majoring in aerobics is associated with an increased risk of pseudoanemia due to plasma volume expansion and a decreased risk of coronary heart disease by decreasing body fat and blood lipid level.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.341-360
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• 2010

The goal of this study is to forecast the scales of seaborne trade of iron ore and coal. It is assumed that the seaborne trade of iron ore is the function of two independent variables(crude steel production, world GDP) and the seaborne trade of coal is the function of two independent variables(crude steel production, world electricity generation). The result shows that the regressions of two functions are statistically significant respectively. As the results of forecasting, the seaborne trade of iron ore in 2010 may be 892 million tons which is increased 5.1% compare to the level of 2009. Also the seaborne trade of coal in 2010 may be 827 million tons which is increased 6.1% compare to the level of 2009. In terms of the compound annual growth rate, it is forecasted that the iron ore may show 4.7% of increasing rate from 2009 to 2015 and the seaborne trade of coal may be increased 6.1% annually for the same period.