• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.26-29
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• 1989

Thirteen patients with various musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions and 2 postherpetic neuralgia patients received transcutaneous iontophoresis with dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1 ml = 4 mg) and 4% lidocaine hydrochloride (2 ml=80 mg, direct current 4 mA, 20 min.). Seven patients showed excellent pain relief, 4 patients showed good pain relief, and the rest of the patients had fair or poor pain relief. No side effects were seen but skin irritation and painless electrical bum were common. Results of the study indicate that iontophoresis is an effective treatment of inflammed tissues which guarantees a painless, safe and sterile method.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2005

Objective : We got a good effect on one patient who was diagnosed Fibromyalgia. Method : We treated 1 case of Fibromyalgia with acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medication, and iontophoresis. We measured the VAS(Visual Analog Scale) and ROM(Range of motion) of Lumbar. Results : Patient's met complain is low back pain, pain and hemiparesis of night lower limb, and Pantalgia After treatment, most symptoms decreased and ROM, ambulation improved. VAS score changed from 10 to 2 for 52 days. Conclusion : The Fibromyalgia were successfully treated by acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medication, and iontophoresis.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.399-403
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of electrode placement on procaine iontophoresis. Thirty-three healthy students with an age range of 19 to 34 years, were participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into 3 groups. Each subjects received iontophoresis on the proximal 1/3 of volar surface of dominant forearm with soft cotton pad($3.5{\times}3.5cm$) soaked in 2 ml of 4% procaine hydrochloride (pH 5.1) at 4 mA for 10 minutes(total current 40 mA min) of anodal DC. In transversal electrode placement(TEP) group, dispersive electrode was placed on the proximal 1/3 of dorsal surface of the forearm. In longitudinal electrode placement (LEP) group and control group, dispersive electrode were placed on the distal 1/3 of volar surface of the forearm. After procaine iontophoresis, duration of anesthesia were evaluated at five minutes intervals on five random locations in the iontophoretically area using a 21-gauge sterile hypodermic needle pressed with 1 mm invagination until return the sharp pin-pricking pain sensation. The data were ana lysed with one-way ANOVA to determine signific~nt differences between groups. The results showed significantly differences in the local anesthetic duration between the 3 groups(p<0.001). The anesthetic durations of TEP group and LEP group were significantly longer when compared with control group(p<0.05). Anesthetic durations of TEP group and LEP group were not significantly difference, but anesthetic duration of LEP group tends to longer than TEP group. In view of these results, clinicians should consider the electrode placement method when performing the iontophoresis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the of effective concentration of procaine iontophoresis for durarion of cutaneous local anesthesia. Forty-five healthy students with an age range of 19 to 34 years$(21\pm2.7)$, were participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Bach 9 subjects received iontophoresis on the flexor surface of dominant forearm with soft cotton pad $(3.5\times3.5cm)$ soaked in 2ml of $2\%$ (pH 5.28), $4\%$ (pH 5.12), $8\%$ (pH 4,98), $16\%$ (pH 4.72), $32\%$ (pH 4.52) procaine hydrochloride solution at 4mA for 10 minutes (total current 40mA min) using anodal direct current. The study was performed in a randomized, double-blind design, After procaine iontophoresis, the duration of anesthesia were evaluated at five minute intervals on five random locations in the iontophoretically area using a 21-gauge sterile hypodermic needle pressed with 1mm invagination unitl sharp pin-pricking pain sensation returned. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA to determine significant differences between groups. Duncan post hoc was performed at level .01. The relationship between anesthetic duration and procaine concentration was assessed with Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients. ANOVA tests showed significant differences in the anesthetic duration between the concentration of procaine solution (p<.001). Procaine iontophoresis with $4\%$ concentration produced cutaneous Socal anesthesia of significantly longer duration(15.56 min) than iontophoresis with $2\%,\;8\%,\;16\%$, and $32\%$ of procaine GCl(p<.01). Whereas the anesthetic duration had no correlation with concentration of procaine solution (r=-0.41, NS). These results support the $4\%$ procaine solution was an effective concentration of iontophoresis for induced cutaneous local anesthesia.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.337-345
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• 2011

The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of chemical enhancer and current on the flux of donepezil hydrochloride (DH) through skin. Ethanol and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) were used as chemical enhancers in combination with iontophoresis. We also have studied the effect of pH on flux and evaluated the role of electroosmosis. In vitro flux study was performed at $33^{\circ}C$, using side-by-side diffusion cell and full thickness hairless mouse skin. Passive flux of DH without enhancer was very small. As the concentration of enhancer increased, passive flux increased. After current application, flux increased markedly and the time to reach maximum decreased. Without enhancer, maximum flux was about 50 fold larger than that obtained without current. These results indicate that electromigration is playing a major role for the transport. As the enhancer concentration increased, flux also increased. NMP and ethanol increased not only the passive delivery, but also the iontophoretic delivery. Flux results indicate that ethanol has better ability than NMP in enhancing the transport of DH. The magnitudes of increase in flux by these enhancers indicate that there is a large synergistic effect in flux enhancement. Flux results from pH study showed that electroosmotic flow is reversed at low pH and the flux is hindered. These results provided some information on the flux enhancing ability of ethanol and NMP in combination with iontophoresis. The data also provided some mechanistic insights into the role of electromigration and electroosmosis on flux through skin.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 1996

It has been indicated that problems associated with insulin iontophoresis are low bioavailability, slow absorption rate and the use of high dosage. Pretreatment of skin as a method of solving these problems was used in alloxan-induced diabetic white rabbits. Skins were treated with skin needle, electric razor, knife razor and scotch tape. Transport data shows that insulin delivery was enhanced significantly by the treatment which disrupt the barrier properties of stratum corneum. The data also shows that insulin absorption lasted for several hours after the cessation of iontophoresis. The degree of skin treatment was estimated by measuring the electrical resistance of skin. When the skins were treated with skin needle and electric razor, the standard deviations of resistance were small, which suggests the possibility of uniform delivery of insulin. The dermal responses after the invasive delivery were evaluated in accordance with OECD Guideline. It seems that electrical resistance of the skin correlate well with the dermal irritation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determined that the efficacy and comfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine by comparison of local anesthetic duration, sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance levels according to four different cleansing regimes. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups; oil cleansing group, lotion cleansing group, solution cleansing group and alcohol cleansing group. All subjects were received lidocaine iontophoresis on the forearm using direct current with 4 mA for 10 minutes. All subjects were measured the duration of local anesthesia after lidocaine iontophoresis, also evaluated the sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance level during iontophoresis. For comparisons of the efficacy and the sensory characteristics of iontophoresis within the groups, an one-way ANOVA was used. Results: The duration of local anesthesia were found significant difference between groups (p<0.001). The anesthetic duration in solution and alcohol cleansing groups were significantly longer than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Statistically significant difference were noted in respect to all sensory characteristics such as sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance between groups (p<0.001). The sensory threshold in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly lower than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc using Duncan multiple range test (p<0.05). The pain threshold and pain tolerance in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly higher than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that cleansing regimes have affected the efficacy and discomfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine. These findings indicate that cleansing agents without oil ingredient contributed to more comfort, and more successful achievement of the iontophoretic transdermal delivery.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 1999

The study was to detemine the effect concentration of lidocaine Hcl $2\%$ iontophoresis for duration of local anesthesia. Emla $5\%$(lidocaine + prilocaine) cream is an oil-in water emulsion system in which the oil phase consists of a cutectic mixture of the base farms of lidocaine and prilocaine in the ratio 1:1. Forty college student between the age of $20.57\pm1.94$, weight of $58.50\pm9.17Kg$, height $166.87\pm8.98 Cm$ were in this study. The results was as follows. 1. Lidocaine Hcl $2\%$ iontophoresis local anesthesia time is $7.15\pm2.86$ minutes. 2. Emla $5\%$ cream application to local anesthesia time is $57.32\pm40.26$ minutes.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1987.05a
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• pp.9.2-9
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• 1987

외래에서 고막에 대한 간단한 수술을 시행함에 있어 고막의 국소 마취법으로 iontophoresis(전기 영동법)은 오래 전부터 널리 시행되어 왔으나 와우나 전정신경계에 대한 독성 때문에 논란의 대상이 되어 왔다. 1973년 Comeau이후 여러 학자에 의한 일련의 동물 및 인체 실험결과 lidocaine 의 iontophoresis는 안전하고 효과적인 방법으로 실제 임상에서의 사용을 권장하고 있으며 근년 널리 이용되고 있으나 iontophoresis를 시행함에 있어 기구 자체의 금속성 물질에 의한 독성 및 사용 약물의 내이 침투에 의한 영향에 관해서는 아직도 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 저자들은 1983년 부터 1986년 12월까지 고려병원 이비인후과에서 고막절개를 위해 iontophoresis에 의한 lidocaine의 국소마취법을 시행받은 환자중 무작위로 추출한 39명(46이)을 대상으로 iontophoresis시행 전후의 청력상의 변화에 관한 청각학적 고찰을 시행하여 iontophoresis후 청력 역치에 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않는다는 결과를 얻었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was determine the effects of the benzalkonium iontophoresis on onychomycosis (hand). The participants consisted of 10 patients. This study was observed the change of normal nail length and infected nail square throe time : pre-treatment, after 6 treatment and after 10-treatment The results of this study were as follows. 1. The length increase of normal nail revealed significant statistically after 10 times treatment(p<0.05). 2. The square diminish of infected nail revealed significant statistically after 10 times treatment(p<0.05). 3. Infected nail thickening and spilt seeped and nail colon recovered after 10 times treatment. 4. The nail with iontophoresis recovered more quickly than the with nail lacquer in the same patients.