• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.600-609
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• 1989

A thermally stimulated measurement using a temperature gradient has been applied to the study of charged particles and their polarity n polymers. From the experimental results on a cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) film is found that the TSC peaks of the trapped carriers in C peak are due to the negative polarity which is electron and the ionic carriers having negative polarity show D peak.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2004

We have synthesized new aromatic polyesters (DiPEG-HQ and DiPEG-BP) by condensation polymerization of a terephthalic acid derivative bearing a pendant oligo(oxyethylene) (DP = 7, MW = 350), which has a methoxy terminal group, and two different aromatic diols, hydroquinone and 4,4'-biphenoI. The synthesized polymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry for their liquid crystallinity (LC), thermal transitions, and structural morphologies in mesophases. The morphology of the LC phases depends strongly on the length of the rigid backbone repeating unit. The DiPEG-BP polymer having a longer repeating unit exhibits both layered and nematic structures before isotropization, whereas the DiPEG-HQ polymer having a shorter repeating unit shows only the layered structure in the mesophase. We found that the layer spacing for DiPEG-HQ is larger than that for DiPEG-BP. Both polymers easily form complexes with LiCF$_3$SO$_3$; we studied this complex formation by FT-IR spectroscopy. The layer spacing of the polymer-electrolyte composites increases upon increasing the amount of the lithium salt. The polymer/salt electrolyte mixtures we investigated at molar ratios of EO:salt in the range of 5-20 exhibit electrical conductivity values at 40$^{\circ}C$ of 2.4${\times}$10$\^$5/ and 1.1${\times}$10$\^$－5/ S/cm for DiPEG-HQ/LiCF$_3$SO$_3$ and DiPEG-BP/LiCF$_3$SO$_3$, respectively. At 80 $^{\circ}C$, these values are higher: 4.6${\times}$10$\^$－3/ and 1.1${\times}$10$\^$－4/ S/cm, respectively. The activation energy of conductivity depends strongly on the salt concentration.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.326-331
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• 2001

With the aim of developing of pH-sensitive controlled drug release system, a poly(Llysine) (PLL) based cationic semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) has been synthesized. This cationic hydrogel was designed to swell at lower pH and de-swell at higher pH and therefore be applicable for achieving regulated drug release at a specific pH range. In addition to the pH sensitivity, this hydrogel was anticipated to interact with an ionic drug, providing another means to regulate the release rate of ionic drugs. This semi-IPN hydrogel was prepared using a free-radical polymerization method and by crosslinking of the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-methacrylate polymer through the PLL network. The two polymers were penetrated with each other via interpolymer complexation to yield the semi-IPN structures. The PLL hydrogel thus prepared showed dynamic swelling/de-swelling behavior in response to pH change, and such a behavior was influenced by both the concentrations of PLL and PEG-methacrylate. Drug release from this semi-IPN hydrogel was also investigated using a model protein drug, streptokinase. Streptokinase release was found to be dependent on its ionic interaction with the PLL backbones as well as on the swelling of the semi-IPN hydrogel. These results suggest that a PLL semi-IPN hydrogel could potentially be used as a drug delivery platform to modulate drug release by pH-sensitivity and ionic interaction.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2022

Recently, research on the development of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) has received considerable attention from the scientific community around the world. Here, we fabricated a series of AEMs with branched structures with different alkyl spacers and conducted comparative evaluations. The introduction of these branched structures is an attempt to overcome the low ionic conductivity and stability problems that AEMs are currently facing. To this end, branched polymers with different spacer lengths were synthesized and properties of each membrane prepared according to the branched structure were compared. The chemical structure of the polymer was investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, and gel permeation chromatography, and the thermal properties were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The branched anion exchange membrane with (CH₂)₃ and (CH₂)₆ spacers exhibited ionic conductivities of 8.9 mS cm^-1 and 22 mS cm^-1 at 90℃, respectively. This means that the length of the spacer affects the ionic conductivity. Therefore, this study showing the effect of the spacer length on the ionic conductivity of the membrane in the polymer structure constituting the ion exchange membrane is judged to be very useful for future application studies of AEM fuel cells.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.4041-4048
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• 2011

High molecular weight tetrasulfonated poly(arylene biphenylsulfone ether) (TsPBPSEH) copolymers containing up to four pendant sulfonate groups per repeat unit were synthesized via aromatic nucleophilic displacement condensation from 4,4'-bis(4-chloro-3-sulfonatophenylsulfonyl)biphenyl-2,2'-disulfonate (SBCSBPD), 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone (DCDPS) and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (6F-BPA). The synthesized copolymers were structurally characterized using $^1H$ NMR and FT-IR techniques. They were analytically pure, amorphous and were readily soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. Electrolyte membranes were successfully cast using the synthesized polymers with various sulfonation levels and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. This new class of polymer membranes exhibited elevated thermal and physical stabilities and reduced swelling at high temperatures. An increase of acidic functional groups in the copolymer yielded high ion exchange capacity and moderate ionic conductivity values even at higher temperatures, which makes them potential ion conducting candidates.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.873-878
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• 2015

A finger exoskeleton actuated by ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators has been developed. In order to evaluate performance of cylindrical grasping of finger exoskeletons, they were equipped with a hand dummy, which is composed of four fingers. The finger dummy has three joints that can be actuated by bending the IPMC actuators. A four finger grasping motion was analyzed using cameras, and cylindrical grasping motion was accomplished within two minutes after applying a 4 volt direct voltage to the IPMC actuators. A pull out test was also performed to evaluate the cylindrical grasping force of the finger exoskeletons actuated by the IPMC actuators. Each finger generated about 2 N of holding force when grasping the cylinder which had a diameter of 50 mm.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.461-471
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• 2013

Use of low bandgap polymers is the most suitable way to harvest a broader spectrum of solar radiations for solar cells. But, still there is lack of most efficient low bandgap polymer. In order to solve this problem, we have synthesised a new low bandgap polymer and investigated its interaction with the ILs to enhance its conductivity. ILs may undergo almost unlimited structural variations; these structural variations have attracted extensive attention in polymer studies. In addition to this, UV-Vis spectroscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy results have revealed that all studied ILs (tributylmethylammonium methyl sulfate [$N_{1444}$][$MeSO_4$] from ammonium family) and 1-methylimidazolium chloride ([MIM]Cl, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl from imidazolium family) has potential to interact with polymer. Further, protic ILs shows enhanced conductivity than aprotic ILs with low bandgap polymer. This study provides the combined effect of low bandgap polymer and ILs that may generate many theoretical and experimental opportunities.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2007

New porous separators based on non-polyolefin materials including the blend of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VdF-co-HFP)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and the porous separator based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) were prepared by phase inversion method. The porosity and morphology were controlled with phase inversion rate, which is governed by the relative content of non-solvent and solvent in coagulation bath. To enhance tensile strength, the solvent pre-evaporation and uni-axial stretching processes were applied. The ionic conductivity was increased with increasing stretching ratio, and tensile strength was increased with increasing solvent pre-evaporation time and stretching ratio. The 200% stretched PVdF separator showed 56 MPa of tensile strength, and the ionic conductivity of the stretched PVdF separator was $8.6{\times}10^{-4}\;S\;cm^{-1}\;at\;25^{\circ}C$.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2015

Anionic epoxy compound was synthesized and added to asphalt aiming to prepare self-healing asphalt. Epoxy-modified asphalt showed excellent modification effect and healing effect as well. The results revealed that with 5% addition of polymer the tensile strength, impact strength and complex shear modulus of the polymer-modified asphalt increased by 65%. 64% and 35%, respectively. It seems that high interaction occurs between polymer and asphalt matrix. Self-healing efficiency of the polymer-modified asphalt based on tensile strength showed 100%, comparing to 79% of straight asphalt. In impact experiment the polymer-modified asphalt showed 99% of healing efficiency, comparing to 77% of straight asphalt. In rheological experiment the polymer-modified asphalt showed 103% of healing efficiency, comparing to 72% of straight asphalt. It appears that the ionic bonding existing in epoxy polymers contributed to high values of self-healing efficiency. The polymer which has high intermolecular force fills the crack of the asphalt, pulling the opponent side each other, and so the original properties were restored.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.407-412
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• 2004

A new hydroxyl group-containing conjugated ionic polymer, poly[2-ethynyl-N-(p-hydroxyphenylethyl)pyridinium bromide], was synthesized by the activated polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine with p-(2-bromoethyl) phenol without any additional initiator or catalyst. The polymerization proceeded well to give a moderate yield (65%) of polymer at a reaction temparature of 90$^{\circ}C$. Another polymer, poly[2-ethynyl-N-(p-hydroxyphenylethyl)pyridinium tetraphenylborate], was readily prepared by the ion-exchange reaction of poly[2-ethynyl-N-(p-hydroxyphenylethyl)pyridinium bromide] with sodium tetraphenylborate. These polymers were completely soluble in organic solvents such as DMF, DMSO, and acetone, but insoluble in water and ether. Instrumental analyses, such as NMR, IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopies, indicated that the new materials have conjugated polymer backbone systems with the designed substituents and counter anions. X-Ray diffraction analyses of the polymers indicated that they were mostly amorphous.