• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

내포문에 위치한 의문사 구는 의문사 억양으로 발화되었을 경우 모문의 작용역으로 해석되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 40명의 경상 방언 화자가 모문 작용역으로 해석되는 문맥 속에서 발화한 동일 문장 발화를 자극으로 하여, 그 작용역을 판단하는 지각 실험이 24명의 경상 방언 화자를 대상으로 이루어졌다. 자극당 3회 청취로, 문장당 72개 응답이 수집되었으며, 40개 중 20개의 자극에서 36회 이상의 내포문 작용역 응답이 나타났다. 이는 경상 방언에서 명시적으로 의문사의 작용역을 표시하는 종결어미가 있음에도 불구하고 적절한 의문사 억양으로 발화하지 못하는 화자가 다수 있음을 보여준다. 다중 회귀 분석을 통해 모문 작용역 응답을 가장 잘 예측하는 운율 단서는 내포 동사와 보문소가 나타나는 어절의 돋들림 크기로, 해당 어절의 fundamental frequency(F0) 정점에서 보문소에 나타난 F0값을 차감한 수치로 계산되며, 이 돋들림이 크면 클수록 내포문 작용역으로 판단하는 음의 상관관계를 가진 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 의문사 작용역은 내포문 동사와 보문소가 있는 어절의 돋들림 크기에 기반한 범주적 인지로 나타나며 인지의 경곗값은 실험 참가자에 따라 매우 다르게, 큰 차이를 보이는 결과로 나타났다.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2001

This paper investigates the manner in which various. syntactic structures with a single meaning implement a consistent intonational pattern by examining English conditional clauses. In the phonetic experiment, we explore the edge tones in three different syntactic clauses which are semantically interpreted as a single conditional meaning (an if-clause, a clause with no if. and a clause with no if but followed by and) and compare them with the edge tone realized in a clause which is not interpreted as a conditional meaning. We also investigate the tonal differences resulting from the semantic difference between conditional and non-conditional meanings. That is, the conditional clauses expressed in three different syntactic structures show a consistent intonational pattern in their clausefinal boundaries; a rising contour (H- or H%) is realized at the edge of the intermediate phrases (ip) or intonational phrases (IP) in 89% of the if-clauses, 72% of the clauses with no if, and 79% of the clauses with no if but followed by and. On the other hand, 82% of the non-conditional clauses have a falling contour (L- or L-L%) in their final edge. Statistically, Chi-Square tests show that these percentages are all significantly higher, which suggests that a conditional meaning implements a consistent intonational pattern though it is expressed through different syntactic structures. Therefore, the result supports Bolinger's (1989) claim that intonation makes an important contribution to discourse interpretation.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1999

일반적으로 사람은 말을 할 때 어절들은 몇몇의 구로 그룹핑하여 발음함으로써 발화한다. 이것은 듣는 사람으로 하여금 발화의 의미와 의도를 잘 파악하도록 도와준다. 특히, 이러한 목적으로 발화자는 무의식적으로 운율정보(억양, 장단, 리듬 등)를 적절히 사용하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 발화된 문장에서 운율경계를 인식의 단위로 하는 음성인식방법에 대하여 제안한다. 즉, 발화된 문장을 운율구단위로 나누는 방법을 제안하고 나누어진 단위에 따라 연속음 인식실험을 수행하였다. 인식실험결과 연속음인식 시간의 감소를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 물론 음성인식률도 20-10%정도 증가하였다.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2008

The current study investigated distributional properties of the Korean Accentual Phrase and their implication to word segmentation. The properties examined were the frequency of various AP tonal patterns, the types of tonal patterns that are imposed upon content words, and the average number and temporal location of content words within the AP. A total of 414 sentences from the Read speech corpus and the Radio corpus were used for the data analysis. The results showed that the 84% of the APs contained one content word, and that almost 90% of the content words are located in AP-initial position. When the AP-initial onset was not an aspirated or tense consonant, the most common AP patterns were LH, LHH, and LHLH (78%), and 88% of the multisyllabic content words start with a rising tone in AP-initial position. When the AP-initial onset was an aspirated or tense consonant, the most common AP patterns were HH, HHLH, and HHL (72%), and 74% of the multisyllabic content words start with a level H tone in AP-initial position. The data further showed that 84.1% of APs end with the final H tone. The findings provide valuable information about the prosodic pattern and structure of Korean APs, and account for the results of a previous study which showed that Korean listeners are sensitive to AP-initial rising and AP-final high tones (Kim, 2007). This is in line with other cross-linguistic research which has revealed the correlation between prosodic probability and speech processing strategy.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

This study investigates the fixed and random factors affecting response patterns of wh-scope interpretations in Gyeongsang Korean. It employed logistic mixed-effects regression models to analyze responses from 24 participants who listened to 40 pre-recorded stimuli from 40 different speakers. The stimuli consisted of an embedded wh-phrase and an interrogative ending marker, "-nkiko," thereby forming a wh-question, specifically a matrix wh-scope. Participants repeated the test three times. The study found that the prominence level of a prosodic phrase composed of an embedded verb and a complementizer was inversely related to responses with wh-questions, as demonstrated through multiple regression analysis in Yun. The test trial significantly impacted the number of responses with wh-questions, increasing from 50.3% in the first trial to 58.8% and 61.2% in subsequent trials. Examination of random subject effects revealed two main factors influencing responses: morpho-syntactic constraints and prosodic structural integrity. These two factors demonstrated the potential to be inversely weighted. Analysis of random stimulus effects suggested that the prominence level had limited effects on response patterns with each stimulus primarily eliciting one type of responses across trials.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2020

본 연구는 인공와우아동을 대상으로 자가음성 모니터링(self-voice monitoring)을 응용한 가창 프로그램을 시행하여 억양의 개선과 음고 산출의 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위함이다. 연구대상자는 모집된 19명의 아동 중 참여기준을 충족하고 본인 및 보호자가 자발적인 참여 의사를 표현한 7명이 최종으로 선정되었다. 연구자는 CI 집단과 비교하기 위하여 같은 연령의 건청 아동 6명을 모집하였다. 자가음성 모니터링을 응용한 가창은 노래를 녹음하여 들어보고(listen), 음성의 음고 진행방향과 숨쉬기 구간 및 음질을 확인한(explore) 다음, 목소리를 수정하여 의도한 대로 재산출하는(reproduce) 세 단계로 구성되어 있다. 데이터는 문장과 노래로 나누어 측정하였다. 문장은 발화시간과 억양 기울기 및 산출 음고의 주파수 변화, 노래는 프레이즈(phrase) 구간 내 평균 음고의 주파수의 데이터를 수집하여 선율윤곽과 산출 주파수 범위를 측정한 후 건청집단과 비교하였다. 연구 결과 문장 분석에서 인공와우 아동 집단의 사후검사 시 의문문의 문미 2음절의 억양 기울기 및 패턴이 건청 아동과 같이 상행하는 윤곽으로 변화되었으며, 노래 데이터에서는 음고의 도약 및 산출 음고의 주파수 범위가 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 인공와우 아동을 대상으로 한 자가음성 모니터링을 응용한 가창 프로그램이 억양의 개선과 음고 산출 정확도의 효과적인 중재방안이 될 수 있으며 이를 위한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-112
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• 2000

This study examines how both English native speakers and Korean speakers realize the intonational tunes of English sentences when a sentence has two different meanings, through comparison of the utterances of the two groups of speakers. The results indicate that the English native speakers realize the difference in the meanings of given sentences in terms of differences in the boundary tones, as predicted in Pierrehumbert(1980) and Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg(l990), according to whom intonation is composed of a series of pitch accents, phrase tones, and boundary tones, and the meaning of a given sentence is delivered by the composition of the individual meanings of each component. The Korean speakers, however, fail to realize the difference in meaning with its boundary tones. Rather, they realize it by the number or positions of pitch accents and paralinguistic cues such as emotions and gestures. The Korean speakers, unlike the Americans, emphasize subject in sentences.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2006년도 춘계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.67-70
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• 2006

Prosody can be used to resolve syntactic ambiguity of a sentence. English relative clause construction with complex NP(the N1, N2, and RC sequence) has syntactic ambiguity and the clause can be interpreted as modyfying N1(high attachment) or N2(low attachment), Speakers and listeners can disambiguate those sentences based on the prosody. In this paper, we investigate the Korean English learners production on the prosodic structure of English relative clause construction. The production experiment shows that the beginner learners use the phrasing frequently and the advanced learners depend on both the phrasing and the accent. One of the characteristic of the Korean English learners' intonation is that the Korean accentual phrase tone pattern LHa is transferred to their production.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제42호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2001

Syntactic ambiguity can be understood by context usually, especially in reading and writing. Because phonological structure including stress, intonation and phonological phenomena can be pronounced differently according to different syntactic structures, syntactic ambiguity can be solved by phonological structure in listening and speaking. The objectives of this study was to survey how Korean English teachers apply phonological structures in order to solve syntactic ambiguity. The results of this study is as follows: First, Korean English leachers applied Compound Stress Rules well, when the second word was not branched. But they did not apply Compound Stress Rules well, when the second word was branched. Second, several Korean English teachers did not apply Nuclear Stress Rules well. They usually put the strongest stress on the first word. Third Korean English teachers did not differentiate appropriate applying situation of palatalization. They applied palatalization at both the single and the separated Phonological Phrase. Fourth, Korean English teachers did not apply stress shifting when stress crash happened. Because they did not apply stress shifting, they put the strongest stress on inappropriate syllable.

• 음성과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.109-129
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• 1999

A study of boundary tones, which are realized at the final syllable of an Intonational Phrase, is important in that sentential meaning is often differentiated solely by the use of different boundary tones in Korean. The purposes of this paper are three-fold: Firstly, it aims at finding out the different characteristics of boundary tones between designed corpus and natural speech. Secondly, it is to show that gender and dialectal differences are crucial factors in determining different realizations of boundary tones. Finally, this study is to provide a basis for better speech synthesis and speech recognition through the analysis of the morphemes where boundary tones are realized. This study has shown that nine different kinds of boundary tones are realized based on the contextual, gender and dialectal differences. In addition to the boundary tones suggested in Jun (1993), three more boundary toes are introduced: L-%,H-%,LHLH%.