• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.592-600
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• 2003

Male rats were fed a purified diet containing one of 3 experimental diets, gelatinized rice starch that was not modified physically (RC), gelatinized physically modified rice starch using ultrasonic homogenizer(RU), gelatinized physically modified rice starch using hydroshear homogenizer(RH) during 28 days. RC was used as the rice starch control. Feeding a physically modified rice starch (RU) caused an increase in liver weight and RH increased RNA and protein contents in kidney significantly although there were no differences in food intakes compared to feeding a RC diet. The wet weight of liver, kidney and heart were higher in RU. The wet weights of fecal output of the rats fed RH was greater than in rice control group. The gut transit time was longer in the rats fed RH than in the rice control group significantly. Serum GOT, GPT, total bilirubin concentration were tended to be lower and blood urea nitrogen was significantly lower in RH group. The maturation index of kidney was higher in RU than in RC. These results suggest that physically modified rice starch improved growth performance and physiological functions in organs of growing rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.660-666
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• 1998

The effect of paraquat(1,1´-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) on the gastrin-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, PP-, CCK-8- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the stomach and small intestine of developing rat was examined by peroxidase-an-tiperoxidase method. Oral administration of this herbicide(9mg/Kg per day in 0.2ml of D.W) on days 7 to 14 of gestation revealed some difference, such as first appearance and distribution pattern of immunoreactive cells between control and paraquat-treated group. These results suggest that indirectly treated fetuses display a general developmental retardation on enteroendocrine cells differentiation as well as on gastrointestinal maturation

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2021

Antibiotics are widely used to improve productivity in the dairy industry. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics causes the deterioration in the quality of dairy products undergoing fermentation and maturation. Hence, probiotic use is emerging as an alternative to curb the increased utilization of antibiotics. Probiotics are defined as "living microorganisms that, when administered in appropriate amounts, confer health benefits on the host." They may improve host disease resistance by regulating intestinal microflora balance and promote animal growth and development. In the dairy industry, probiotics have been studied to increase milk production by improving digestion in dairy cows, enhance the content of dairy components such as milk fat and protein, reduce the risk of mastitis in cows, and increase calf weight. Thus, the use of probiotics can improve the production and safety of dairy products. However, some probiotics are still unstable during storage and have low quality and safety issues. Therefore, to reduce the use of antibiotics in the dairy industry, probiotics should be developed and produced considering the above-mentioned problems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1322-1328
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• 2006

In our previous study, a novel herb mixture (HIM-I) of Angelica gigas radix, Cnidium officinale rhizoma, and Paeonia japonica radix was developed to protect= the intestinal and immune systems and to promote their recovery from radiation damage. A new herbal composition (HemoHIM) with the high immune modulating activity was developed from HIM-I. In the present study, we examined the effects of HemoHIM on the maturation process of murine bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DC). BM cells were cultured in the presence of iL-4 and GM-CSF and the generated immature DC were stimulated with HemoHIM for 24 hours. HemoHIM significantly enhanced the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86, especially. The activation capacity of HemoHIM-treated DC was significantly higher than that of immature DC, as analyzed by IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ production and proliferation of the responding T cells in the co-culture with allogeneic T cells. The antigen-presenting capacity of HemoHIN-treated DC was also increased by the co-culture with OVA-specific T cells (HS-1), as analyzed by IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ production and the proliferation. These results indicate that HemoHIM causes the maturation and ;Activation of DC, which may be a part of mechanisms of immunomodulation by HemoHIM.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.501-508
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• 1987

Gonadal development, the annual reproductive cycle and the first sexual maturity of hen clam, Mactra chinensis were studied histologically. Sexuality of the species was dioecious. The gonads were irregularly arranged from the subregion of mid-intestinal 91an4 in visceral cavity to the reticular connective tissue of the foot. The ripe eggs were about $50-60\;{\mu}m$ in diameter, and they were surrounded by gelatinous membrane. The spawning period was from May to September when the water temperature ranged $18.5-27.0^{\circ}C$, with the peak in June and July. The annual reproductive cycle of Mactra chinensis could be classified into five successive stages; multiplicative, growing, mature, spent, and degenerative and resting. The monthly changes of the fatness coefficient closely correlated with the annual reproductive cycle. Percentages of the first sexual maturity of female and male clams were over $50\%$ among those individuals ranging from 3.5 to 3.9cm, and $100\%$ in those over 5.0cm in shell length.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.482-499
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• 2017

Allergic diseases have increased over the past several decade worldwide including developing countries. Allergic inflammatory responses are caused by Th (T helper)2 immune responses, triggered by allergen ingestion by antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). Intestinal microorganisms control the metabolism and physiological functions of the host, contribute to early immune system maturation during the early life, and homeostasis and epithelial integrity during life. Bifidobacteria have strain-specific immunostimulatory properties in the Th1/Th2 balance, inhibit TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin) and IgE expression, and promote Flg (Filaggrin) and FoxP3 (Treg) expression to alleviate allergies. In addition, unmethylated CpG motif ODN (oligodeoxynucleotides) is recognized by TLR (toll-like receptors)9 of B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to induce innate and adaptive immune responses, while the butyrate produced by Clostridium butyricum activates the GPR (G-protein coupled receptors)109a signaling pathway to induce the expression of anti-inflammatory gene of pDCs, and directly stimulates the proliferation of thymically derived regulatory T (tTreg) cells through the activation of GPR43 or inhibits the activity of HADC (histone deacetylase) to differentiate naive $CD4^+$ T cells into pTreg cells through the histone H3 acetylation of Foxp3 gene intronic enhancer.