• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.2091-2099
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• 2024

Probiotics, when consumed in adequate amounts, can promote the health of the host and beneficially modulate the host's immunity. Particularly during the host's early life, the gut intestine undergoes a period of epithelial maturation in which epithelial cells organize into specific crypt and villus structures. This process can be mediated by the gut microbiota. Recent studies have reported that the administration of probiotics can further promote intestinal maturation in the neonatal intestine. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles derived from the Limosilactobacillus fermentum SLAM 216 strain, which is an established probiotic with known immune and anti-aging effects on intestinal epithelial maturation and homeostasis, using mouse small intestinal organoids. As per our findings, treatment with L. fermentum SLAM 216-derived LF216EV (LF216EV) has significantly increased the bud number and size of organoid buds. Furthermore, extracellular vesicle (EV) treatment upregulated the expression of maturation-related genes, including Ascl2, Ephb2, Lgr5, and Sox9. Tight junctions are known to have an important role in the intestinal immune barrier, and EV treatment has significantly increased the expression of genes associated with tight junctions, such as Claudin, Muc2, Occludin, and Zo-1, indicating that it can promote intestinal development. This was supported by RNA sequencing, which revealed the upregulation of genes associated with cAMP-mediated signaling, which is known to regulate cellular processes including cell differentiation. Additionally, organoids exposed to LF216EV exhibited upregulation of genes associated with maintaining brain memory and neurotransmission, suggesting possible future functional implications.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.93-107
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• 1990

Studies on diagnosis and treatment of tumor . abscess . ulcer in intestinal carbuncle were carried out. The result of studies were summerized as follows: 1. By Nai-Gyung carbuncle-tumor arose from disharmony between nutrient and defensive because of cold, abscess arose from fever victory between cold and fever, ulcer arose from decreasing function of Bi-Kam year. By latter literature Bi-Kam year could be interpreted that spleen stomach was invaded evil influence from unattainable vital force of the earth. 2. Sites of intestinal carbuncle were large intestine, small intestine, intestinal inside or outside between large and small intestine, Intestinal carbuncle was common name of a disease about large intestinal carbuncle, small intestinal carbuncle, pelvic intestinal carbuncle, shrink leg intestinal carbuncle etc.. Pain appeared Chunchu-Hyul in large intestinal carbuncle, and Gwanweon-Hyul in small intestinal carbuncle. 3. On abdominal diagnosis tumor had indistinct pain of Gwanweon Chunchu, edema and heary feeling in low abdomen, no excessive pain by hand press and intestinal boiling sound. In abscess pain descended from right side of low abdomen to huckle, and there was rejection against press, feeling about fever,water sound with flank movement. In ulcer hand approach was difficult since excessive pain diffuse to whole abdomen, and perforating ulcer sometimes caused a serious symptom of umbilical pus. 4. On fecal and urinary diagnosis in tumor urine was yellowish red pollakiuria like gonorrhoea and occasional constipation. In abscess uncomfortable rough pain short red early urine like gonorrhoea appeared during urination, and constipation with stinging pain appeared during defecation. In ulcer red rough pyuria appeared, and stinging and pain with puruloid blood appeared during defecation. 5. On treatment in tumor Daiwhang-Tang Daisenggi-Tang Dangui-Jun by dissipation method, calming down method, interior reliance maturation method, in abscess Mokdan-San Euiiin-Tang Jeokduiin-Tang by the method of water repelling pus discharge, acute breaking, in ulcer Takridanggui-Tang Paljin-Tang Bojungikki-Tang were each used by the method of interior reliance, virulence astriction, supplement vital force and blood, supplement spleen stomach. 6. On treatment patient may have to be careful of excessive moving and suprising anxiety. Abuse of acupuncture and moxibustion made patient worse, misuse of analgesics purgative intestinal irrigation etc. could provoke difficult diagnosis and perforation. So you must treat after exact diagnosis. 7. Prognosis of ease tumor ease abscess ease ulcer and ease astriction was good. If the intestinal carbuncle were not to promote to abscess and ulcer for a long time, its prognosis was bad and it could metastasize to cancer because of dark purple with hardness. So tumor abscess ulcer in intestinal carbuncle may be significant of precancerous lesion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.596-608
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• 2003

Weaning is a complex phase when the mammal suffers the action of different stressors that contribute to negatively affect the efficiency of the intestinal mucosa and of the whole local integrated system, that acts as barrier against any nocuous agent. The components of this barrier are mechanical, chemical, and bacteriological; immunological and not. The development of contact with a saprophyte microflora and the maintenance of feed intake after the interruption of motherly nutrition are essential for the maturation of an equilibrated local immune function and for a functional integrity of villi. Opportunities and limits of some dietary strategies that can contribute to reduce negative effects of weaning on health and performance are discussed. Knowledges on the possible mechanism of action of probiotics are upgraded, particularly for their supposed role in the balance between different immune functions (effectory/regulatory). Some tools to control pathogen microflora are reviewed (acids, herbs, immunoglobulin sources) and practical feeding systems are proposed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.221-228
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to characterize the mRNA expression profile of type IIb sodium-inorganic phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) and the biochemical values of serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), calcium, inorganic phosphorus, tibial ash and minerals of broiler chickens with aging. Methods: A total of 56 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were used. Broiler chickens were weighed and samples were collected weekly from day 1. Results: The result showed that before the growth inflection point, ash, calcium, and phosphorus content in the tibia of broiler chickens increased with growth (before 3 weeks of age), although there were no significant differences in chicks at different ages in the later period of the experiment and weight gain rate was relatively slow at this stage (4 to 6 weeks). NaPi-IIb gene expression in the small intestine in the early growth stage was higher than that in the later growth stage. Expression of calbindin and the vitamin D receptor protein in the intestinal mucosa increased with age in the duodenum and jejunum. Serum AKP activity first increased and subsequently decreased after peaking at 1 week of age, but there was no significant difference after 3 weeks of age. Conclusion: These results show that compared with the early growth stage, the weight-gain rate of broiler chickens in the late growth stage gradually decreased with gradual tibia maturation, along with weaker positive transport of phosphorus in the intestine and reinforced re-absorption of phosphorus in the kidney, which might be the reason that phosphorus requirement in the late growth stage was decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.130-136
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• 1997

Total parenteral nutritional effect was induced by surgical creation of Thiry-Vella fistula(TVFs) in rats. Glutamine, glycine or nucleosides/nucleotide mixture in solution was injected into the loops for 2, 4, 6, 8 days. Control animals received a 0.9％ saline solution. Results include weight gain, total protein, DNA, ［$^3$H］ thymidine incorporation into DNA, morphometry of the intestine in both TVFs and intestine in continuity. Perfusion of nucleosides/nucleotide mixture into the bypassed loops caused an increase in total protein, DNA content, villous height, villous surface area in loops. The injection of glycine into loops caused an increase in ［$^3$H］ thymidine incorporation but the mean values of the protein and DNA contents were not significantly different from those in group Cont and group Nuc. Overall values for group Gln were slightly higher than those of the control but the differences were not statistically significant. This study suggests that this animal model may be useful for studying the effect of dietary factors on intestinal growth and maturation, separating the direct effect of diet from systemic effect on the intestine.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.285-294
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• 2021

The lymphatic vasculature plays important role in regulating fluid homeostasis, intestinal lipid absorption, and immune surveillance in humans. Malfunction of lymphatic vasculature leads to several human diseases. Understanding the fundamental mechanism in lymphatic vascular development not only expand our knowledge, but also provide a new therapeutic insight. Recently, Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, a key mechanism of organ size and tissue homeostasis, has emerged as a critical player that regulate lymphatic specification, sprouting, and maturation. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic regulation and pathophysiological significant of Hippo pathway in lymphatic vascular development.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.672-674
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• 2023

Schematic diagram of the interaction between the intestinal muscularis externa (MMΦ) macrophages and the enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons during different developmental periods. At the early postnatal stage, MMΦs play a critical role in ENS maturation and refinement through synaptic pruning and enteric neuron phagocytosis. In addition, during the adult stage, a specific MMΦ subset named neuron-associated (NA)-MMΦ, supports enteric neuronal survival and functions. Conversely, enteric neurons promote the phenotypic MMΦ changes by secreting transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), transitioning them from a phagocytic phenotype in the early postnatal period to a neuroprotective and immune-surveillant phenotype in the young adult period. Disruptions in these interactions could lead to alterations in the enteric neuron numbers, ultimately resulting in reduced gut motility.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2001

We have developed four chicken hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to induce a protective immune response against the chicken disease avian coccidiosis, caused by the intestinal parasite Eimeria acervulina. Huwever, since the amount of antibodies secreted from these hybridomas is too low or sometimes they lost their ability to produce antibodies, the hybridoma method is not satisfactory in the production of large amounts of chicken monoclonal antibodies. To bypass these problems, we applied the antibody engineering technology using polymerase chain reaction. We cloned and determined the sequences of variable domains of the four chicken monoclonal antibodies, namely, 2-1, 5D11, 13C8 and 8C3. The sequences comparison to germline sequences skewed that the gene con version mechanism might contribute to developing diversification of heavy and λ-light chains in chicken antibodies. Several pseudogene families regarded as donors in gene conversion were identified at each framework region and the complementarily determining region of λ-light chains. In addition, as expected, numerous changes of nucleotide sequences such as nucleotide substitution, insertion and deletion were found predominantly in complementarity determining regions, which are likely to be somatic hypermutations as a result of affinity maturation in antibody-producing cells.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 1999

Monthly changes in the gonad index (GI), egg-diameter composition, gonadal development, reproductive cycle of the ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata, were investigated by histological method and morphometric data. This species is dioecious and oviparous. The gonad is located among the subregion of mid-intestinal gland, digestive diverticula and the outer fibromuscular layers compacted by the fibrous connective tissues and muscle fibers. The gonad index sharply increased in May, reached the maximum value in June, and then gradually decreased from July to December. The reproductive cycle of this species can be divided into six successive stages: early active stage (January to May), late active stage (June to July), ripe stage (June to August), partially spawned stage (July to September), degenerative stage (August to December), and resting stage (January to April). S. subcrenata spawns once a year between July and early September, and the main spawning occurred between July and August when the water temperatures were above $20^{\circ}C$. This evidence suggest that timings of maturation and spawning are closely related to water temperatures. Even though the spawning period was once a year, it is assumed that the number of spawning frequencies (broods) may occur more than twice during the spawning season.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 1988

The gonadal development, the annual reproductive cycle and the first sexual maturity of surf clam, Mactra veneriformis Reeve were studied histologically. Speciemens were monthly collected at the intertidal zone of Naechodo, Chollabuk-do, Korea, for one year from March 1986 to February 1987. Sexuality of the clam is dioecious. The gonads were located between the subregion of mid-intestinal gland in the visceral cavity and the reticular connetive tissues of the foot, The ovary is composed of a number of ovarian sacs, and the testis comprise several testiculat lobules. The undifferentiated mesenchymal tissues and eosinophilic granular cells function as nutritive cells in the early stage. The ripe eggs were about 50-60${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter, and they were wurroundedby the gelatinous membranes. The spawing period was from early June to September the main spawning occurred beetween July and August when the water temperature reached above 24$^{\circ}C$. The annual reproductive cycle of this species could be classified into five successive stages: multiplicative(January to March), growing(March to May), mature(April to August), spent(June to September), degenerative and resting(September to February). The monthly changes of fatness coefficient closely correlated with the annual reproductive cycle. Percentages of the first sexual maturity of female and male clams were over 50% among those individals ranging from 2.1 To 2.5cm, and 100% in those over 2.6cm in shell length.