• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.35-42
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• 2019

Purpose : This study examines The impact of human resource investment in internal control on stock price crash risk. Effective internal control ensures that information provided is complete and accurate, financial statements are reliable. By overseeing management, internal control systems can reduce agency costs between management and outside parties. In Korea, firms have to disclose information about internal control systems. The working experience of human resources in internal control systems is also provided for interested parties. If a firm hires more experienced internal control personnel, it can better facilitate the disclosure of information. Prior studies reported that information asymmetry between managers and investors increases future stock price crash risk. Therefore, the longer working experience internal control personnel have, the lower probability stock crashes have. Research design, data and methodology : This study analyzed the association between the working experience of internal control personnel and crash risk using regression analysis on KOSPI listed companies for fiscal years 2016 through 2017. The sample consists of 1,034 firm-years of non-financial firms whose fiscal year end on December 31. Career spanning data of internal control personnel was collected from internal control reports. The professionalism(IC_EXP) was measured as the logarithm of the average working experience of internal control personnel in months. Negative conditional skewness(NSKEW) and down-to-up volatility (DUVOL) are used to measure firm-specific crash risk. Both measures are based on firm-specific weekly returns derived from the expanded market model. Results : We find that work experience in internal control environment is negatively related to stock price crashes. Specifically, skewness(NSKEW) and volatility (DUVOL) are reduced when firms have longer tenure of human resources in internal control division. The results imply that firms with experienced internal control personnel are less likely to experience stock price crashes. Conclusions : Stock price crashes occur when investors realize that stock prices have been inflated due to information asymmetry. There is a learning effect when internal control processes are done repetitively. Thus, firms with more experienced internal control personnel could manage their internal control more effectively. The results of this study suggest that firms could decrease information asymmetry by investing in human resources for their internal control system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.573-581
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• 2011

This study was done to examine the risk factors between controls group and acute brain infarction patients group, and to compare high risk group with low risk group through NIHSS(National Institutes of Health stroke scale). We compared the risk factors between acute brain infarction patients group(N=180) and controls group(N=93). And according to risk factors, we analyzed 1st NIHss, after 3 weeks improved extent within acute brain infarction patients group. The results were as follows. 1. Among the risk factors, HTN, DM, the blood levels of HCY were significantly higher and the blood levels of HDL-C was significantly lower in patients group than controls group. 2. In scale analysis according to risk factors, 1st NIHss were significantly higher in Hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, Obesity, High-Homocysteine, HTN, DM, previous CVA history group than low risk group within acute brain infarction patients group. 3. In after 3 weeks improved extent analysis according to risk factors, improved extent were lower in Hyperlipidemia, HTN, DM, previous cardiac history, older age group than low risk group within acute brain infarction patients group. The above results suggest that significant risk factors of acute brain infarction, and shows the High risk group that had risk factor of brain infarction recognized from the former research tends to have higher 1st NIHss. Also the High risk group tends to have lower improved extent, but the results are not statistically significant. Furthur research on subject is needed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.873-880
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of internal control on credit risk of joint stock commercial banks in Vietnam from 2007 to 2018. Furthermore, we specify bank-specific characteristics and macroeconomic conditions, and analyze how these factors affect credit risk of banks: the number of board members, the number of board members with banking or finance background as ratio of total board members, loans to total assets ratio, loans to deposit ratio, the number of days between the year-end and the publication of the financial statements, and the use of top four auditing firms proxy for five elements of internal control. By using the dataset of 30 Vietnamese joint stock commercial banks and Bayesian linear regression via Random-walk Metropolis Hastings algorithm, the results of this study show that five elements of internal control have a impact on bank credit risk, namely, control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring activities. For factors of banks' characteristics, bank size and financial leverage have a negative impact on banks' credit risk, and bank age has a positive effect. For macroeconomic factors, inflation has a positive impact and economic growth has a negative impact on banks' credit risk.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2016

Since the 1980s, the number of large space buildings in Korea has consistently been increasing due to large scale international competitions such as the Olympics and the World Cup, demands for environmental improvement, and development of structural systems. Due to these reasons, this paper conducted a comparative analysis on terrorism risk factors of large space structure and skyscrapers in Korea. The results suggest that the total risk level of high-rise and large space structure was "medium level risk" and that the terrorism risk level for large space structure was as high as that for high-rise buildings. As it relates to the risk levels depending on scenarios, terrorism risks to large space structure were higher than high-rise buildings in the "internal explosion" and "internal intrusion" categories. And the results of analyzing explosion-related scenarios except for CBR suggest that terrorism risks to large space structure were highest when it comes to Internal-Explosive followed by Internal-Intrusion and Explosive-Zone I; and the results showed a regular pattern. On the other hand, in the case of high-rise buildings, terrorism risks were highest in Internal-Explosive followed by Explosive-Zone I and Explosive-Zone II; and the results showed an irregular pattern.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.850-862
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• 2007

Background : Cerebrovascular disease is a major cause of death and disability in adults. Silent cerebral infarction (SCI) portends more severe cerebral infarction or may lead to insidious progressive brain damage resulting in vascular dementia. Known cardiovascular risk factors, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease may increase the risk of SCI. This study was designed to evaluate the risk factors of SCI in an apparently normal adult population. Methods : We divided 340 neurologically normal adults (mean age=59.90$\pm$8.30, men:women = 146:194) who underwent brain computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the Stroke Medical Center in Daejeon University Oriental Medicine Hospital in two groups, Silent inf. and Controls,and analyzed risk factors of SCI by interview, physical examination and blood test. Risk factors of SCI were assessed by interview, physical examination and blood test. We performed Pearson's chi-square test and two-sample t-test for univariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions for multivariate analysis to evaluate risk factors of SCI. Results : Old age, diabetes mellitus, and high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were associated with SCI on univariate analysis. Diabetes mellitus was demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for SCI on multivariate analysis. Conclusions : Advanced age, diabetes mellitus, and LDH levels are associated with SCI.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.48
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• pp.312.1-312.10
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• 2018

Background: Obesity is related to several comorbidities and mortality, but its relationship with acute kidney injury (AKI) and long-term mortality remain undetermined in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: Data from 3,018 patients (age ${\geq}18$ years) who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery from two tertiary referral centers were retrospectively reviewed between 2004 and 2015. Obesity was defined using the body mass index, according to the World Health Organization's recommendation. The odds and hazard ratios in post-surgical, AKI, and all-cause mortality were calculated after adjustment for multiple covariates. Patients were followed for $90{\pm}40.9$ months (maximum: 13 years). Results: Among the cohort, 37.4%, 2.4%, 21.1%, 35.1%, and 4.0% of patients were classified as normal weight, underweight, overweight-at-risk, obese I, and obese II, respectively. Post-surgical AKI developed in 799 patients (26.5%). Patients in the obese groups (overweight-at-risk to obese II) had a higher risk of AKI than did those in the normal-weight group. During the follow-up period, 787 patients (26.1%) died. Underweight patients had a higher risk of mortality than did normal-weight patients, whereas overweight-at-risk, obese I, and obese II patients showed better survival rates. Conclusion: After coronary artery bypass graft surgery, obese patients encountered a high risk of AKI, and underweight patients exhibited a low chance of survival. Awareness of both obese and underweight statuses should be raised in these patients.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.172-184
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• 2024

Purpose: The original eCura system was designed to stratify the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) after endoscopic resection (ER) in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). We assessed the effectiveness of a modified eCura system for reflecting the characteristics of undifferentiated-type (UD)-EGC. Materials and Methods: Six hundred thirty-four patients who underwent non-curative ER for UD-EGC and received either additional surgery (radical surgery group; n=270) or no further treatment (no additional treatment group; n=364) from 18 institutions between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively included in this study. The eCuraU system assigned 1 point each for tumors >20 mm in size, ulceration, positive vertical margin, and submucosal invasion <500 ㎛; 2 points for submucosal invasion ≥500 ㎛; and 3 points for lymphovascular invasion. Results: LNM rates in the radical surgery group were 1.1%, 5.4%, and 13.3% for the low-(0-1 point), intermediate- (2-3 points), and high-risk (4-8 points), respectively (P-fortrend<0.001). The eCuraU system showed a significantly higher probability of identifying patients with LNM as high-risk than the eCura system (66.7% vs. 22.2%; McNemar P<0.001). In the no additional treatment group, overall survival (93.4%, 87.2%, and 67.6% at 5 years) and cancer-specific survival (99.6%, 98.9%, and 92.9% at 5 years) differed significantly among the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories, respectively (both P<0.001). In the high-risk category, surgery outperformed no treatment in terms of overall mortality (hazard ratio, 3.26; P=0.015). Conclusions: The eCuraU system stratified the risk of LNM in patients with UD-EGC after ER. It is strongly recommended that high-risk patients undergo additional surgery.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.228-237
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• 2024

Background/Aims: Long-term use of acid suppressants such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine 2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) has been associated with the risk of osteoporotic fracture. Acid suppressants and muco-protective agents (MPAs) are often used together as anti-ulcer agents. We evaluated the association between the risk of osteoporotic fracture and the combined use of these anti-peptic agents. Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted by analyzing the Korean National Health Insurance Data from 2014 to 2020. Patients who had been prescribed anti-peptic agents, such as PPI, H2RA, or MPA, were included. Considering the incidence of osteoporotic fractures, the case group (n = 14,704) and control group (n = 58,816) were classified by 1:4 matching based on age and sex. Results: The use of all types of anti-peptic agents was associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures (PPI: hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; H2RA: HR, 1.44; and MPA: HR, 1.33; all p < 0.001). Compared to PPI alone, the combined use of "PPI and H2RA" (HR, 1.58; p = 0.010) as well as "PPI, H2RA, and MPA" (HR, 1.71; p = 0.001) was associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture. However, compared with PPI alone, "MPA and PPI or H2RA" was not associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture. Conclusions: This study found that the combined use of "PPI and H2RA" was associated with a higher risk of osteoporotic fractures. In cases where deemed necessary, the physicians may initially consider prescribing the combination use of MPA.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.53
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• pp.322.1-322.14
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• 2018

Background: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays protective roles against the development of vascular calcification (VC) which greatly contributes to the increased cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study aimed to find the non-traditional, kidney-related cardiovascular risk factors correlated to serum OPG and the effect of serum OPG on the arterial stiffness measured by brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients with the pre-dialysis CKD. Methods: We cross-sectionally analyzed the data from the patients in whom baPWV and the serum OPG were measured at the time of enrollment in a prospective pre-dialysis CKD cohort study in Korea. Results: Along with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, diabetes mellitus, pulse pressure, and baPWV, non-traditional, kidney-related factors such as albuminuria, plasma level of hemoglobin, total $CO_2$ content, alkaline phosphatase, and corrected calcium were independent variables for serum OPG in multivariate linear regression. Reciprocally, the serum OPG was positively associated with baPWV in multivariate linear regression. The baPWV in the 3rd and 4th quartile groups of serum OPG were higher than that in the 1st quartile group after adjustments by age, sex and other significant factors for baPWV in linear mixed model. Conclusion: Non-traditional, kidney-related cardiovascular risk factors in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors were related to serum level of OPG in CKD. Serum OPG level was significantly related to baPWV. Our study suggests that kidney-related factors involved in CKD-specific pathways for VC play a role in the increased secretion of OPG into circulation in patients with CKD.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.59-68
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• 2024

Purpose: The function of internal audit is to help achieve company goals and targets by minimizing the impact of business risks. The distribution of internal audit activities in carrying out control and supervision covers all aspects or activities at all levels of management. The aim of the research is to determine the distribution of risk-based internal audit effectiveness assessments in companies. Data and Research Design Methodology: Researchers examined research trends regarding things that could influence the distribution of the effectiveness of the internal audit function from 2007 to 2023.This research used a systematic literature review (SLR) research method. This research used 23 papers sourced from the Scopus database. Results: The distribution of the effectiveness of audit services provided by internal auditors is more influenced by the personal characteristics of internal auditors and has little to do with the leadership of the chief internal auditor, technology, and risk management. Conclusion: The distribution of monitoring services provided by internal auditors covers all levels of departments or divisions of the organization. The assessment of internal audit effectiveness is more influenced by the auditor's personal attributes such as independence, competence, and management support.