• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2007

A two-dimensional numerical method for inviscid two-fluid flows with evolution of density interface is developed, and an initially stationary two-dimensional fluid sheet surrounded by another fluid is studied. The interface between two fluids is modeled as a vortex sheet, and the flow field with the evolution of interface is solved by using vortex-in-cell/front-tracking method. The edge of the sheet is pulled back into the sheet due to surface tension and a blob is formed at the edge. This blob and fluid sheet are connected by a thin neck. In the inviscid limit, such process of the blob and neck formation is examined in detail and their kinematic characteristics are summarized with dimensionless parameters. The edge recedes at and the capillary wave propagating into the fluid sheet must be considered for better understanding of the edge receding.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.18-24
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• 2000

A two-dimensional numerical method for inviscid two-fluid flows with a significant entrainment into both directions is established, and the oil leakage from a non-pressurized underwater pipe is studied. The interface between two fluids is modeled at a vortex sheet. The flow field and the subsequent interface evolution are solved by using the vortex-in-cell method. For longer flow simulation with a realistic two fluids interaction, an efficient merging scheme is introduced. In the Boussinesq limit, the speed of the external fluid intrusion into the pipe is very close to the existing mathematical models, and the lock exchange is observed in spite of a significant roll-up of the interface and entrainments. It is believed that the developed method can be utilized effectively for further detailed studies on various two-fluid flows which are encountered in many different marine oil spill problems.

• Composites Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2017

In this study, the mechanical behavior and interface properties of boron nitride nanotube-poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites are predicted using the molecular dynamics simulations and the double inclusion model. After modeling nanocomposite unit cell embedding single-walled nanotube and polymer, the stiffness matrix is determined from uniaxial tension and shear tests. Through the orientation average of the transversely isotropic stiffness matrix, the effective isotropic elastic constants of randomly dispersed microstructure of nanocomposites. Compared with the double inclusion model solution with a perfect interfacial condition, it is found that the interface between boron nitride nanotube and polymer matrix is weak in nature. To characterize the interphase surrounding the nanotube, the two step domain decomposition method incorporating a linear spring model at the interface is adopted. As a result, various combinations of the interfacial compliance and the interphase elastic constants are successfully determined from an inverse analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2018

Multilayer mirrors have widely been used for monochromatization of X-ray with high reflection efficiency. The reflected X-ray energy or wavelength is determined by the d-spacing of a multilayer mirror and the incidence angle. The reflectivity critically depends on the number of bilayers and surface roughness on each interface. The multilayer mirror has a structure of alternative deposition of high and low Z-elements on the substrate. Each interface should be considered in the calculation of reflectivity. In this paper, we examine the degradation of reflectivity by the inter-diffusion combined with surface roughness on each interface for a W/Si multilayer mirror. In the depth-graded W/Si multilayer mirror, the FWHMs for angle and energy were larger than them of the uniform multilayer mirror. Inter-diffusion considerable gave rise to the degradation of reflectivity. To obtain measured reflectivity closed to the expected reflectivity, the inter-diffusion on W-Si and Si-W interfaces should be considered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.320-320
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• 2014

Amorphous silicon alloy (a-Si) solar cells and modules have been receiving a great deal of attention as a low-cost alternate energy source for large-scale terrestrial applications. Key to the achievement of high-efficiency solar cells using the multi-junction approach is the development of high quality, low band-gap materials which can capture the low-energy photons of the solar spectrum. Several cell designs have been reported in the past where grading or buffer layers have been incorporated at the junction interface to reduce carrier recombination near the junction. We have investigated profiling the composition of the a-SiGe alloy throughout the bulk of the intrinsic material so as to have a built-in electrical field in a substantial portion of the intrinsic material. As a result, the band gap mismatch between a-Si:H and $a-Si_{1-x}Ge_x:H$ creates a barrier for carrier transport. Previous reports have proposed a graded band gap structure in the absorber layer not only effectively increases the short wavelength absorption near the p/i interface, but also enhances the hole transport near the i-n interface. Here, we modulated the GeH4 flow rate to control the band gap to be graded from 1.75 eV (a-Si:H) to 1.55 eV ($a-Si_{1-x}Ge_x:H$). The band structure in the absorber layer thus became like a U-shape in which the lowest band gap was located in the middle of the i-layer. Incorporation of this structure in the middle and top cell of the triple-cell configuration is expected to increase the conversion efficiency further.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.354-361
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• 2007

The bi-materials with Al-Mg alloy and its composites reinforced with SiC and $Al_2O_3$ particles were prepared by conventional powder metallurgy method. The A1-5 wt%Mg and composite mixtures were compacted under $150{\sim}450\;MPa$, and then the mixtures compacted under 400 MPa were sintered at $773{\sim}1173K$ for 5h. The obtained bi-materials with Al-Mg/SiCp composite showed the higher relative density than those with $Al-Mg/Al_2O_3$ composite after compaction and sintering. Based on the results, the bi-materials compacted under 400 MPa and sintered at 873K for 5h were used for mechanical tests. In the composite side of bi-materials, the SiC particles were densely distributed compared to the $Al_2O_3$ particles. The bi-materials with Al-Mg/SiC composite showed the higher micro-hardness than those with $Al-Mg/Al_2O_3$ composite. The mechanical properties were evaluated by the compressive test. The bi-materials revealed almost the same value of 0.2% proof stress with Al-Mg alloy. Their compressive strength was lower than that of Al-Mg alloy. Moreover, impact absorbed energy of bi-materials was smaller than that of composite. However, the bi-materials with Al-Mg/SiCp composite particularly showed almost similar impact absorbed energy to $Al-Mg/Al_2O_3$ composite. From the observation of microstructure, it was deduced that the bi-materials was preferentially fractured through micro-interface between matrix and composite in the vicinity of macro-interface.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.905-912
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• 2011

In this study, the novel concept catalytic reactor was designed for water-gas shift reaction (WGS) under high pressure. The novel concept catalytic reactor was composed of an autoclave, the catalyst, and liquid water. Cu-ZnO/$Al_2O_3$ as the low temperature shift catalyst was used for WGS reaction. WGS in the novel concept catalytic reactor was carried out at the ranges of 150~$250^{\circ}C$ and 30~50 atm. The liquid water was filled at the bottom of the autoclave catalytic reactor and the catalyst of pellet type was located at the gas-liquid water interface. It was concluded that WGS reaction occurred over the surface of catalysts partially wetted with liquid water. The conversion of CO for WGS was also controlled with changing content of Cu and ZnO used as the catalytic active components. Meanwhile, the catalyst of honey comb type coated with Cu-ZnO/$Al_2O_3$ was used in order to increase the contact area between wet-surface of catalyst and the reactants of gas phase. It was confirmed from these experiments that $H_2$/CO ratio of the simulated coal gas increased from 0.5 to 0.8 by WGS at gas-liquid water interface over the wet surface of honey comb type catalyst at $250^{\circ}C$ and 50 atm.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1079-1085
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• 2010

A steady-state analytical model was presented for a loop heat pipe (LHP) with an evaporator that has a flat geometry. On the basis of a series of reviews of the relevant literature, a sequence of calculations was proposed to predict the temperatures and pressures at each important part of the LHP: the evaporator, liquid reservoir (compensation chamber), liquid line, vapor line, and condenser. The analysis of the evaporator, which is the only part in the LHP that has a capillary structure, was emphasized. Thin-film theory is applied to account for the pressure and temperature in the region adjacent to the liquid-vapor interface in the evaporator. The present study introduced a unique method to estimate the liquid temperature at the interface. Relative freedom was assumed in the configuration of a condenser with a simplified liquid-vapor interface. Our steady-state model was validated by experimental results available in the literature. The relative error was within 3% on the absolute temperature scale, and reasonable agreement was obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.198-202
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• 2018

In this work, we have investigated the effect of a 30-min thermal anneal at $550^{\circ}C$ on the electrical characteristics of neutron-irradiated 4H-SiC MOSFETs. Thermal annealing can recover the on/off characteristics of neutron-irradiated 4H-SiC MOSFETs. After thermal annealing, the interface-trap density decreased and the effective mobility increased in terms of the on-characteristics. This finding could be due to the improvement of the interfacial state from thermal annealing and the reduction in Coulomb scattering due to the reduction in interface traps. Additionally, in terms of the off-characteristics, the thermal annealing resulted in the recovery of the breakdown voltage and leakage current. After the thermal annealing, the number of positive trapped charges at the MOSFET interface was decreased.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

Microstructural evolution and the intermetallic compound (IMC) growth kinetics in an Au stud bump were studied via isothermal aging at 120, 150, and $180^{\circ}C$ for 300hrs. The $AlAu_4$ phase was observed in an Al pad/Au stud interface, and its thickness was kept constant during the aging treatment. AuSn, $AuSn_2,\;and\;AuSn_4$ phases formed at interface between the Au stud and Sn. $AuSn_2,\;AuSn_2/AuSn_4$, and AuSn phases dominantly grew as the aging time increased at $120^{\circ}C,\;150^{\circ}C,\;and\;180^{\circ}C$, respectively, while $(Au,Cu)_6Sn_5/Cu_3Sn$ phases formed at Sn/Cu interface with a negligible growth rate. Kirkendall voids formed at $AlAu_4/Au$, Au/Au-Sn IMC, and $Cu_3Sn/Cu$ interfaces and propagated continuously as the time increased. The apparent activation energy for the overall growth of the Au-Sn IMC was estimated to be 1.04 eV.