• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.196-213
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• 2016

System Architecture Evolution (SAE) with Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been used as the key technology for the next generation mobile networks. To support mobility in the LTE/SAE-based mobile networks, the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIP), in which the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) of the PMIP is deployed at the Serving Gateway (S-GW) of LTE/SAE and the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) of PMIP is employed at the PDN Gateway (P-GW) of LTE/SAE, is being considered. In the meantime, the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) and the Locator Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) have recently been proposed with the identifier-locator separation principle, and they can be used for mobility management over the global-scale networks. In this paper, we discuss how to provide the inter-domain mobility management over PMIP-based LTE/SAE networks by investigating three possible scenarios: mobile IP with PMIP (denoted by MIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE), HIP with PMIP (denoted by HIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE), and LISP with PMIP (denoted by LISP-PMIP-LTE/SAE). For performance analysis of the candidate inter-domain mobility management schemes, we analyzed the traffic overhead at a central agent and the total transmission delay required for control and data packet delivery. From the numerical results, we can see that HIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE and LISP-PMIP-LTE/SAE are preferred to MIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE in terms of traffic overhead; whereas, LISP-PMIP-LTE/SAE is preferred to HIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE and MIP-PMIP-LTE/SAE in the viewpoint of total transmission delay.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.815-825
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• 2016

The inter-industrial inducement effects of the Korean railway services on the output, value-added, and imports of 383 industrial sectors of the Korean economy have been computed by the input-output analysis technique utilizing the '2013 Input-Output Statistics', which was published most recently in December 2015 by the Bank of Korea. The research results are, then, compared and contrasted with the former research results with the '2003 Input-0utput Statistics', which were published in the Journal of the Korean Society for Railway, August, 2008. The economic inducement effects computed in this study are as follows. The Korean railway service industry produced \5,841 billion worth of passenger and freight railroad services in the year 2013, and it induced \8,511 billion worth of output, \84 billion worth of value-added, and \1,050 billion worth of imports for Korean industry as a whole.; the production inducement multiplier, value-added multiplier, and imports inducement multiplier of 2013 results are shown to be quite different from 2003 multipliers.; it has been shown that it is necessary to utilize the most recent Input-Output Statistics for the computation of the most recent inter-industrial analysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.794-799
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• 2003

A study was conducted on 2102 records of 808 crossbred cows of various genetic groups maintained under 'All India Coordinated Research Project on Cattle' at C C S Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, over 25 years period (1968-1993) with an objective to assess and compare the amount of percent improvement and heterotic effect for different performance traits in various genetic groups produced under this programme. Survivability sharply and significantly declined from 1/2 to $3/4^th$ bred and further from $3/4^th$ to inter-se bred. This may be due to periodic and management differences in addition to the higher level of exotic inheritance and decreased heterotic effect over the filial generations. Jersey and Holstein Friesian crosses among 1/2 breds and their 50% inheritance among $3/4^th$ and inter-se breds had highest improvement and heterosis in reproduction and production traits respectively. Among inter se bred genetic groups, BFH (I) had no recombination loss in SP and CI, while FJH (I), JFH (I) and FBH (I) had on recombination loss in AFC, LY, LL and PE. The crossbreeding of zebu cows with exotic breeds brings about spectacular improvement in comparison to the performance of zebu breed, while conventional selection over several generation would lead to only modest improvement. In addition to additive effect, there was sufficient heterosis in Jersey crosses for reproduction and Holstein Friesian crosses for production performance. Three breed crosses with exotic inheritance between 50 and 75 percent incorporating genes (25 to 50%) from both of these breeds is the best combination for stabilization.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2003

We studied 64 ADHD children patients group($4{\sim}15\;ys$, mean age : $8{\pm}2.6\;ys$. M/F:52/12) and 12 normal group($6{\sim}7\;ys$, mean age : $9.4{\pm}3.4\;ys$, M/F:8/4) of the brain has been used to analysis of blood flow between normal and ADHD group. For analysis of Children ADHD, we used 12 children's mean brain images and made Template image of SPM99 program. In increase of blood flow(P-value 0.05), the result of normalized images to Template image to offer from SPM99 program, showed significant cluster in inter-Hemispheric and occipital Lobe, in the case of normalized images to children template image, showed inter-hemispheric and parietal lobe.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.124-129
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• 2015

Purpose: Salivary pH is an easily measurable biochemical marker and related to various intraoral and systemic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the salivary pH measurement using pH paper. In addition, the normal values of salivary pH using pH paper were compared to those of pH meter to investigate the validity. Methods: Twenty healthy male participants attended this study (mean age, $24.5{\pm}1.47$ years). Unstimulated saliva and stimulated saliva were collected from each subject two times with the interval of a day and salivary pH was immediately measured by the two experienced examiners using pH paper and pH meter. The salivary pH was compared between the groups and inter- and intra-examiner reliability of pH paper was investigated. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate variations. Results: All measurements had good to excellent inter-examiner (ICC 0.755 for unstimulated; 0.760 for stimulated saliva), intra-examiner (ICC 0.635 for unstimulated; 0.592 for stimulated saliva) reliability and two measurement methods using pH paper and pH paper also showed high reliability (ICC 0.852 for unstimulated; 0.640 for stimulated saliva). The values measured by pH paper were significantly lower than those measured by pH meter. Conclusions: pH paper showed adequate inter- and intra-examiner reliability and it presented the validity in terms of comparison with the pH meter as a standard in the salivary pH measurement.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.229-240
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• 2012

The development of multimedia applications followed by development of high-speed networks has improved the performance of mobile devices with high transfer speed broadband. Mobile internet access has made possible seamless indoor and outdoor mobile multicast services. Multicasting services are used to support efficient group communications. However, mobile multicasting services have two constraints: tunnel convergence and handover latency. Many protocols and handover methods have been proposed to address these problems. The inter-LMA optimized handover model for multicasting services has previously been proposed for PMIPv6-based networks. The proposed model removes the tunnel convergence issue and reduces router processing costs. It also makes possible the performance of fast handover operations with adaptive transmission mechanisms. In addition, the proposed scheme exhibits low packet delivery costs and handover latency in comparison with existing schemes, and ensures fast handover when moving the inter-LMA domain

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.246-253
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• 1999

Grain size distributions of sediment samples were analyzed by the different methods, and the results were compared. Reported data of the bottom sediments from the Korean seas show significant deviations among the institutes, and the inter-lab comparison and calibration procedures are considered to be necessary. Grain size data by different methods show different results. Laser diffraction method provides good precision in replicate analysis, but underestimates the amounts of finer (smaller than 2-3 ${\mu}m$) fraction. Data from particle settling method, on the other hand, represent significant errors in the coarse silt (5-6 ${\phi}$) fraction, and slightly overestimate the clay fraction. In the sieve and pipette methods, best results were taken in 0.5 ${\phi}$ interval of analysis. Especially in the coarse silt fraction, pipette analysis is suggested to be made with 0.5 ${\phi}$ interval. During the dry sieving procedure in 1 ${\phi}$ interval, serious errors occur when large amounts of sample materials were concentrated in a particular sieve.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2013

Purpose: To study inter- and intra-observer reliabilities of computerized measurements of the angular parameters of hallux valgus deformity, using two different kinds of software tools for angle measurement on the digital radiography. Materials and Methods: On 35 digital radiographies of standing foot anteroposterior view of hallux valgus, two observers (A, B) independently measured hallux valgus angle (HVA) and 1-2 intermetatarsal angle ($IMA_{1-2}$) twice, using two methods. In method I, an angle was determined from duplicated lines to longitudinal axes made for bisecting line on the target bones with software tool. In method II, an angle was calculated automatically and directly from bisecting lines (longitudinal axes) made on the target bones. We compared two methods using paired t-test to determine significance of differences. Inter- and intraobserver reliabilities were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: There were no significant differences between measurements of method I and II for each observer (p>0.05) and intraobserver reliability were good. (ICC>0.9) Inter-observer reliability for method I and II was good of the HVA (ICCs, 0.912 and 0.905) and moderate of the $IMA_{1-2}$ (ICCs, 0.505 and 0.537). There were interobserver differences in HVA of method I and II. Conclusion: No significant difference was found statistically between measurements of method I and II. Both methods I and II would be acceptable to measure angular parameters of hallux valgus deformity.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to measure intra-rater and inter-rater reliability and range of motion for measurement of passive shoulder internal rotation range of motion and to compare anterior glide distance of humeral head in three methods. Fifty healthy subjects and fifty patients with shoulder musculoskeletal pain were recruited for this study. The subjects' passive shoulder internal rotation range of motion was measured by visual estimation, manual stabilization, and pressure biofeedback unit methods. In two trials, measurements were performed on each subject by two examiners. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC(3,1)) was used to determine the reliability of each measurement. The intra-rater reliability of the three methods was excellent (ICC=.77~.93) in both groups. The inter-rater reliability of the visual estimation method was poor (ICC=.20, .29), the manual scapular stabilization method was poor and fair (ICC=.09, .50), and the pressure biofeedback unit method was excellent (ICC .86, .75) in the experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the difference of examined range of motion by each examiner was significant in the visual estimation method and manual scapular stabilization method, but there was an insignificant difference between the groups is the pressure biofeedback unit method. This result suggests that the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of a pressure biofeedback unit was better than the other methods. The difference in distance of the anterior glide of humeral head was insignificant among all the methods. The pressure biofeedback unit method was the most reliable method, so it is proposed to be a new and reliable method to measure internal rotation range of motion.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.5 no.9
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• pp.1492-1512
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• 2011

Due to multiple hops, mobility and time-varying channel, supporting delay sensitive real-time traffic in wireless local area network-based (WLAN) mesh networks is a challenging task. In particular for real-time traffic subject to medium access control (MAC) layer control overhead, such as preamble, carrier sense waiting time and the random backoff period, the performance of real-time flows will be degraded greatly. In order to support real-time traffic, an efficient adaptive packet scheduling (APS) scheme is proposed, which aims to improve the system performance by guaranteeing inter-class, intra-class service differentiation and adaptively adjusting the packet length. APS classifies incoming packets by the IEEE 802.11e access class and then queued into a suitable buffer queue. APS employs strict priority service discipline for resource allocation among different service classes to achieve inter-class fairness. By estimating the received signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) per bit and current link condition, APS is able to calculate the optimized packet length with bi-dimensional markov MAC model to improve system performance. To achieve the fairness of intra-class, APS also takes maximum tolerable packet delay, transmission requests, and average allocation transmission into consideration to allocate transmission opportunity to the corresponding traffic. Detailed simulation results and comparison with IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) scheme show that the proposed APS scheme is able to effectively provide inter-class and intra-class differentiate services and improve QoS for real-time traffic in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, packet loss rate and fairness.