• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2005

Individual production traits, such as reproduction and mortality rates, are partial measures, but may be used to evaluate the performance of different systems by comparing the rate of flock growth and potential offtake. The productivity of two existing sheep production systems, one extensive, one intensive, was compared with an alternative semi-intensive system. The future flock sizes, offtakes and structures were predicted based on the age structure of the flock and age-specific reproduction, mortality and growth rates. The measurements were illustrated with reference to growth of a sheep flock of different age and sex categories. The flock was in a socalled dynamic situation. During the dry period, the digestible organic matter intake of the animals in the intensive system and both extensive and semi-extensive systems was 36 and 20.1 g kg$^{-0.75}$ d$^{-1}$, respectively. During the cold period, the digestible organic matter intake of the animals in extensive, intensive and semi-extensive systems was 34, 34.5 and 41 g kg$^{-0.75}$ d$^{-1}$, respectively. During the dry period, the animals in the both extensive and semi-intensive systems lost in body weight at a rate of 19 g per day, but the rate of gain in body weight of the animals in intensive system was 57 g per day. During the cold period, the animals in extensive, intensive and semiintensive systems gained in body weight at rates of 56, 67 and 97 g per day, respectively. The higher gain of animals during the cold period in the semi-intensive system was related to a sustained higher intake of low-quality roughage and more efficient use of the available feed. Compared to the intensive system, the annual concentrate input of the semi-intensive system was about 48% lower for each livestock unit. The productivity of the semi-intensive system was higher than that of the extensive system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.158-170
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• 2017

본 연구는 사회경제적 요인, 식행동 및 신체활동에 의한 만성질환 (고혈압, 고중성지방혈중, 저HDL콜레스텔롤혈증, 당뇨병, 복부비만, 비만 및 대사증후군) 유병률에 우유와 유제품 섭취가 매개변인으로 작용하였을 때의 효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 본 연구에 활용한 자료는 제 5기, 6기 국민건강영양조사 (2010~2015) 자료를 활용하여, 만 30세이상의 성인 남녀를 대상으로 하였고, 질환이나 체중조절을 위해 식이요법을 실시하고 있거나 임산부는 분석대상에서 제외하였다. 고혈압, 고중성지방혈중, 당뇨병, 복부비만, 비만, 대사증후군의 유병률은 남자에서 유의적으로 높았고, 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증은 여자에서 유의적으로 높아 만성질환 유병률은 성별에 따라 차이를 보였다. 사회경제적요인, 식행동 및 신체활동은 남녀에 따라 차이를 보이고 있으나 만성질환 유병률에 영향을 미치는 요인 이었다. 복부비만과 비만을 제외한 고혈압, 고중성지방혈증, 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증, 당뇨병 및 대사증후군의 유병률은 남녀 모두 사회경제적 수준 (가구내 소득수준, 교육수준)이 낮을 경우 높았고, 신체활동 (걷기, 중등도 및 격렬한)을 실천할 경우 낮았다. 반면 복부비만과 비만의 유병률은 남자의 경우 사회경제적 수준이 높을수록, 여자 경우 사회경제적 수준이 낮을수록 높은 것으로 나타나 성별에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 흡연을 만성질환의 유병률을 증가시키는 요인이었고, 음주의 경우 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증을 제외한 질환의 유병률을 증가시키는 요인이었다. 외식은 남자의 비만 유병률을 증가시키는 요인이었으나, 성인 여자에서는 비만과 대사증후군의 유병률을 감소시키는 요인이었다. 만성질환과 유의한 관련성을 보인 사회경제적, 식행동 및 신체활동 요인 (설명변수)에 우유 섭취를 매개변인으로 추가한 후의 효과를 평가한 결과 성인 남자의 경우 교육수준은 당뇨병에서, 음주는 고혈압, 고중성지방혈증, 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증, 대사증후군에서, 아침식사는 대사증후군, 외식은 비만, 중등도 신체활동은 고중성지방혈증에서 부분통제됨으로서 하루 200 g 이상의 우유를 섭취할 경우 교육수준, 음주, 아침식사, 외식 및 중등도 신체활동에 의한 만성질환 유병률을 낮추는 효과가 있었다. 성인 여자의 경우 가구 내 소득수준은 고중성지방혈증, 당뇨병, 복부비만에서, 교육수준은 고혈압, 복부비만에서, 음주, 아침식사, 외식 및 걷기 실천은 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증에서, 중등도 신체활동은 고중성지방혈증과 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증에서 부분통제됨으로 인해 우유 섭취가 이들 설명변수에 의한 만성질환 유병률을 감소시키는 효과를 보였다. 이외 성인 남자와 여자에서 유의적인 관련성을 보인 변인은 우유, 유제품 섭취에 의해 완전통제 또는 완전매개 되어 우유 섭취 시 이들 설명변수가 만성질환 유병률에 미치는 영향은 사라졌다. 본 연구결과, 하루 200 g 이상의 우유를 섭취할 경우 사회경제적 요인, 식행동 및 신체활동에 의한 효과가 통제 또는 매개하는 영향이 있는 것으로 나타나고 있으므로 적정수준의 우유 섭취는 고혈압, 고중성지방혈증, 저HDL콜레스테롤혈증, 당뇨병, 비만, 복부비만 및 대사증후군을 예방하는 효과가 있었다. 그러나 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용한 후향적 관측 연구이고, 우유 및 유제품 섭취에 의한 매개효과를 파악한 것이므로 추후 한국인의 만성질환 예방을 위한 적정수준의 우유 및 유제품 섭취 수준에 관한 가이드라인 선정을 위해서는 대단위 실험 설계나 코호트 자료 분석을 통한 다양한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2005

This study was purposed to provide basic information on the correct application of a wheelchair's backrest angle by investigating the change in cardiopulmonary function according to backrest angle during propulsion. This study examined the effects of the wheelchair's backrest angle on the cardiopulmonary function by varying the angle to $0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ and $20^{\circ}$ with a propulsion velocity of 60 m/min. The experimental parameters were respiration rate, oxygen consumption rate and oxygen consumption rate/kg which were measured by a portable wireless oxygen consumption meter (COSMED, $K4b^2$). The results of the study were as follows: 1) There were no statistically significant differences in respiration rates due to changes in the wheelchair backrest angle (p>.05). 2) There were statistically significant differences in oxygen consumption rates due to changes in the wheelchair backrest angle (p<.05). 3) There were also statistically significant differences in the oxygen consumption rate/kg due to changes in the wheelchair backrest angle (p<.05). In conclusion, changes in the backrest angle of wheelchairs during propulsion influences oxygen consumption rates and heart rates, while respiration rates are not affected. Therefore, a training program for good seating and posture needs to be provided, and the wheelchair seating system should be equipped with the unadjustable-angle wheelchair to reduce the functional load on the cardiopulmonary system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2012

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are mainly caused by the two factors, that is, ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst produced by dry forage feeding. Six large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 2 to 6 years, weighing $85.1{\pm}4.89kg$) were used in two experiments. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 am during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, saliva lost via the esophageal fistula was replenished by an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in sham feeding conditions (SFC) control, and the treatment was maintained under normal feeding conditions (NFC). In experiment 2, a RIAPS and non-insertion of a balloon (RIAPS-NB) control was conducted in the same manner as the SFC control of experiment 1. The intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution and insertion of a balloon (RIHS-IB) treatment was carried out simultaneously to reproduce the effects of changing salt content and ruminal distension due to feed entering the rumen. The results of experiment 1 showed that due to the effects of multiple dry forage suppressing factors when feed boluses entered the rumen, eating rates in the NFC treatment decreased (p<0.05) after 40 min of feeding and cumulative dry forage intake for the 2 h feeding period reduced to 43.8% of the SFC control (p<0.01). The results of experiment 2 indicated that due to the two suppressing factors of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst, eating rates in the RIHS-IB treatment were, as observed under NFC, reduced (p<0.05) and cumulative dry forage intake for the 2 h feeding period decreased to 34.0% of the RIAPS-NB control (p<0.01). The combined effects of ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality accounted for 77.5% of the suppression of dry forage intake 40 min after the start of dry forage feeding. The results indicate that ruminal distension and increased plasma osmolality induced thirst are the main factors in the suppression of dry forage intake in large-type goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1100-1111
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• 2011

Two experiments under sham feeding conditions were conducted to determine whether or not ruminal distension brought about by feed boluses entering the rumen is a factor in the marked suppression of feed intake after 40 min of feeding. In experiment 1, a comparison was made between the intraruminal insertion of a water filled balloon (RIB) treatment and normal control (non-insertion of a balloon, NIB). In experiment 2, saliva lost due to sham feeding conditions was replenished via an intraruminal infusion of iso-osmotic artificial saliva. A comparison of dry forage intake was then conducted between the intraruminal replenishment of iso-osmotic artificial saliva and insertion of a balloon (RRIAS-RIB) treatment, and the intraruminal replenishment of iso-osmotic artificial saliva and non-insertion of a balloon (RRIAS-NIB) control. In experiment 1, eating rates in the RIB treatment 30 min after the commencement of feeding tended to be lower than those in the NIB control. In comparison with the NIB control, cumulative dry forage intake in the RIB treatment was 29.7% less (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The secreted saliva weight in the NIB control and the RIB treatment during the 2 h feeding period was 53.2% and 60.9% total weight of the boluses, respectively. In experiment 2, eating rates in the RRIAS-RIB treatment 30 min after the commencement of feeding was significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in the RRIAS-NIB control. Cumulative dry forage intake in the RRIAS-RIB treatment was a significant 45.5% less (p<0.05) compared with that in the RRIAS-NIB control upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The secreted saliva weight in the RRIAS-NIB control and the RRIAS-RIB treatment during the 2 h feeding period was 54.1% and 64.2% total weight of the boluses, respectively. The level of decrease in dry forage intake in the RRIAS-RIB treatment of experiment 2 was larger than that in the RIB treatment of experiment 1. In the present experiments, due to the sham feeding conditions, the increases in osmolality of ruminal fluid and plasma, and a decrease in ruminal fluid pH which are normally associated with feeding were not observed. The results indicate that the marked decrease in feed intake observed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period is related to ruminal distension caused by the feed consumed and the copious amount of saliva secreted during dry forage feeding.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.382-393
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to estimate changes on the flood and nutrient intake patterns of men over thirty years old in Jeon-Ju area. The first survey was conducted from December in 1991 to January in 1992, tile second one from January to February in 1994 and the third one from July to August in 1997. The nutrition survey using 24-hour recall method was executed to 303 subjects : 89, 82, 132 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Results of the study are as follows : Kimchi, rice, garlic and onions were the most frequently eaten food items. Total daily intakes of foods were 85 : 15, 81 : 19 and 81 : 19 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. The average numbers of foods per person were 15.7, 20.1 and 21.9 daily in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively and tends to increase significantly(p<0.05). The minimum numbers of foods per person were 4, 7 and 9 and the maximum numbers of foods per person were 27, 35 and 39 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(Korean\`s Dietary Diversity Score) is determined by how many among the five food groups (cereals, vegetables, meats, milks, oils groups)were consumed per day. Most subjects earned the KDDS "3" ; 61, 46 and 42% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Average daily energy intakes wee 1,62㎉(72% of RDA), 2,063㎉(89% of RDA) and 1,818㎉ (79% of RDA) in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Energy intake rates of cereals : total energy intake were 65, 59, and 60% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively, which were decreasing. Protein intakes were 58g(72% of RDA), 79g(107% of RDA) and 71g(97% of RDA), respectively and animal protein comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively and animal protein comprised 38, 46, and 48% ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively, of which animal fat comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased, too. Malnourished (under 75% of RDA) rates were respectively 64, 34, and 47% in terms of energy ; 64, 31 and 33% in protein ; 67, 51, and 61% in calcium ; 53, 26, and 18% in iron ; 85, 74 and 84% in Vitamin A. Super-nourished(above 125% of RDA) rates were respectively 1, 13, and 3% in energy ; 1, 29, and 21% in protein ; 5, 18, and 7% in calcium ; 16, 31, and 7% in iron ; 16, 31, and 7% in Vitamin A, 42, 76, and 62% in Vitamin C. The percentages of calories from protein : fat : carbohydrate were 14 : 12 : 74, 15 : 16 : 69 and 16 : 17 : 67 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(number of five food groups per day), Meal Balance(number of five food groups per meal), DVS(average numbers of foods per person), amount of foods correlated positively with all the nutrient intakes(p<0.05). KDDS was positively correlated with energy, protein, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin(p<0.05)in(p<0.05)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1735-1740
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• 2005

Forty-two single-bearing and 42 twin-bearing mature Angus${\times}$Hereford cows were allocated, seven per cell to 3 replications of 2 stocking rates (3.2 cows/ha; medium stocking rate [MSR], and 3.8 cows/ha; high stocking rate [HSR]) to graze summer-active and winter-active pastures from late pregnancy to the weaning of their calves. Cow liveweights and growth of calves were recorded as well as estimates of pasture quantity and forage intake. Pasture quantity did not differ in the paddocks grazed by single- and twin-bearing cows during pregnancy, nor effectively did forage intake. Subsequently, intake was higher during mid-lactation especially with twin-rearing cows (25% higher than single-rearing cows at the MSR; 9% at the HSR). However, quantity of pasture decreased for twin-rearing cows and was less than that available to single-rearing cows as lactation progressed. Liveweights of twinrearing cows decreased by 16% from late pregnancy to weaning at the MSR, and by 14% at the HSR, compared to decreases of 1% for single-rearing cows. Twin calves were lighter at birth, had slower growth rates, and were lighter at weaning than single calves. In spite of weaning smaller calves twinning increased the output (kg of calf weaned) per cow and per ha, and increased the efficiency (kg calf weaned per unit of forage eaten by the cow) over single calf production by 46% at the MSR and by 58% at the HSR. Twinning also increased the marginal returns from investment in high input pastures required by the enterprise.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2006

This study assessed the effects of daily isoflavone intake on urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline(DPD), Ca and Zn excretion as an index of bone resorption rates in 162 postmenopausal osteoporotic women. There were 87 participants in the osteoporosis group and 75 in the control group. The average age in the osteoporosis group was 62.97 years and that of the control group was 63.67 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in height, weight and body mass index. The osteoporosis group consumed significantly lower amounts of soy foods compared to the control group(p<0.00l). Daily isoflavone intake was significantly different between the osteoporosis group(29.19 mg) and the control group(48.56 mg). The average urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline in the osteoporosis and control groups were 5.71 nmol/mmol Cr and 5.15 nmol/mmol Cr, respectively and these values were significantly different(p<0.05). In addition, the subjects in the osteoporosis group and control group exhibited significant difference in urinary excretion of Ca(200.16 mg/day, 177.05 mg/day respectively) and Zn(333.32 $\mu$g/day, 303.68 $\mu$g/day respectively) at the levels of p<0.0l and p<0.05, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mineral intake. Thus, daily isoflavone intakes may contribute to decreases in the rates of urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline, Ca and Zn in postmenopausal subjects.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2013

In this study, we examined chewing frequency, eating rates, and food consumption volume according to the body mass index of male and female college students. Twenty-five male college students were divided into a normal weight male group (<23 body mass index, n=14) and an obese male group (${\geq}23$ body mass index, n=11). Twenty-five female college students were divided into a normal weight female group (<23 body mass index, n=21) and an obese female group (${\geq}23$ body mass index, n=4). Subjects were provided with abundant fried rice and allowed to consume it at their own pace. Chewing frequency, total mealtime, rate of eating, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite were measured. There were no significant differences in chewing frequency, total mealtime, rate of eating, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite between the normal and obese male groups. There were also no significant differences in chewing frequency, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite between the normal and obese female groups. However, the obese female group had a significantly shorter mealtime and significantly higher eating rate compared with the normal group. Thus, our study suggests that females who eat a meal for a longer time may reduce their food intake, consequently inducing body weight loss.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to establish food ingestion factors needed to assess exposure to contaminants through food ingestion. The study reclassified the raw data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2001 into 12 subcategories including grain products, meat products, fish and shellfish, and vegetables for international comparability of exposure evaluation. The criteria for food intake calculation were unified according to the characteristics of food groups, and recommended values for food ingestion factors were calculated through moisture correction and recategorization of cooked, processed, and mixed foods for each group. The average intake rate for grain and grain products was 6.25 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was approximately 8% higher than that of the women. The average intake rate of meat and meat products was 1.62 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was 30% higher than that of the women, on average. The average intake rate of fish and shellfish was 1.53 g/kg-d per capita, and the age groups of 1 to 2 and 3 to 6 recorded higher capita intake rates than other age groups, 2.62 g/kg-d and 2.25 g/kg-d, respectively. The average intake rate of vegetables was 6.47 g/kg-d per capita, with the age group of 1 to 2 recording the highest per capita intake rate of 9.79 g/kg-d and that of 13 to 19 recording the lowest mean. The study also offers recommended values for food ingestion factors of other food groups by gender, age, and region. The food ingestion exposure factors will need future updates in consideration of ongoing changes in food consumption behavior.