• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.210-211
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• 1989

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.212-220
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• 2024

Background: 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) is widely used as a flame-retardant plasticizer in the production of polyvinyl chloride, adhesives, and food packaging. This chemical has been frequently detected in water, sediment, and indoor environments, and its lipophilicity raises concerns about bioaccumulation. Objectives: In this study, the effects of EHDPP on the development, behavioral changes, and growth hormone (GH) endocrine system of zebrafish larvae were investigated. Methods: Fertilized embryos were exposed to various concentrations (control, solvent control, 0.07, 0.7, 7, 70, and 700 ㎍/L) of EHDPP for 96 h. Developmental toxicity endpoints were observed daily. Behavioral changes under light-dark-light conditions and changes in hormones and genes related to GH/insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) axis were determined. Results: Significant decreases in survival, body length and moving distance were observed in zebrafish larvae exposed to 70 and 700 ㎍/L EHDPP. The concentrations of GH and IGF-1 were significantly decreased in zebrafish larvae exposed to 70 and 700 ㎍/L EHDPP. This change was well supported by changes in the transcription of genes involved in GH, IGF, IGF receptors, and IGF binding proteins. Conclusions: Our observations showed that exposure to 70 and 700 ㎍/L EHDPP could disrupt the feedback circuits of the GH/IGFs axis, ultimately leading to developmental toxicity, hypoactivity, and mortality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.563-570
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• 2004

Insulin-like growth factors(IGF)s-I과 -II ligands와 이들의 receptors 및 6종류의 IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs)로 구성된 IGF systim은 여러 종류의 세포의 생존, 증식 및 분화에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 리튬은 in vitro에서 여러 종류의 세포의 생존과 증식의 조절제로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 IGF-I, IGF-I receptor 및 IGF carrier로서 주로 IGFBP-3를 발현하는 rat C6 glioma cell에서 LiCl로 유도된 세포 생존 및 증식의 변화와 IGF system components의 발현간의 관계를 구명하고자 수행되었다. 10%혈청을 함유하는 배양액에서 0, 2mM, 혹은 5mM LiCl을 첨가하여 C6 cell을 24시간 배양했을 시 세포의 생존률과 세포 수는 리튬 첨가에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 그러나 72시간 배양 했을 때 C6 cell은 명백히 리튬의 첨가수준에 따라 반응하였다. 0, 2m, 5mM LiCl 첨가수준에서 72시간 배양한 C6 cell은 각각 전형적인 세포분열, 세포분열 중지 및 세포사멸 양상을 보였다. 더욱이 사멸돼가는 세포는 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction으로 조사한 IGF-I, IGF receptor 및 IGFBP-3의 발현수준이 저하되었다. 흥미롭게도 혈청을 첨가하지 않은 배양조건 하에서 IGFBP-3에 대한 antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide를 10${\mu}M$ 수준의로 첨가하여 배양했을 때도 표적 mRNA는 물론 세포 수도 줄었다. 종합하자면, C6 cell에서 리튬의 독성 효과의 일부는 이 제제에 의한 IGF system components의 발현 억제 효과에 의해 매개될 소지가 크다. 이러한 관점에서 IGRBP-3는 적어도 이 세포의 정상적인 증식을 위해 꼭 필요한(‘prrmissive') 역할을 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes occurring in the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in bovine milk during a one-year lactation period, and to determine the parameters affecting IGF content in bovine milk. Milk was collected individually from lactating Holstein cows (n=70), and IGF-I and -II levels were determined via radioimmunoassay, using 125I after acid-ethanol treatment. The proximate compositions of the milk samples were determined using a near-infrared milk analyzer. The data were analyzed by the GLM and CORR procedures using SAS software to determine significant differences (p<0.05) occurring within groups (dairy farms, lactation periods, season, and parity). We noted an approximately six-fold reduction in the IGF-I concentration (from 2,462.7 to 353.0 ng/ml) and a three-fold drop in the IGF-II concentration (from 929.1 to 365.7 ng/ml) in the bovine colostrum, between 6 h after parturition and 18 h after parturition. IGF-I and -II content, measured at the early, middle, and late stages of lactation did not change significantly throughout the entirety of the lactation period. Interestingly, parity did not significantly affect IGF-I content, but did significantly affect IGF-II content between the primiparous and multiparous cows. We also found there were no significant relationships between IGF-I and total protein content or somatic cell counts (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1393-1398
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• 2011

Four 4-month old Charolais${\times}$Dorset male sheep (initial liveweight $25.0{\pm}1.1\;kg$), fitted with rumen and abomasal fistulas and nourished by total intragastric infusions, were used to study the relationships between methionine (Met) supply, nitrogen (N) retention and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Four graded levels of Met, i.e. 0 g/16 g N, 1.76 g/16 g N, 3.52 g/16 g N and 7.04 g/16 g N, were infused into abomasums as experimental treatments. The sheep and treatments were allocated in a $4{\times}3$ incomplete Latin square design (Yudon square design). The experiment lasted 3 periods and each period was 10 days. Quadratic correlations were found between Met level (x, g/16 g N) and N retention (y, g/d): y = $-0.03x^2$+0.41x+2.62, $r^2$ = 0.66, n = 12, p = 0.008, and between methionine level (x, g/16 g N) and plasma IGF-I concentration (y, ng/ml): y = $0.80x^2$-4.53x+190.24, $r^2$ = 0.51, n = 12, p = 0.009. No significant correlation was found between plasma IGF-I (x, ng/ml) and N retention (y, g/d) (p>0.05). It was concluded that Met level had a significant influence on N retention and plasma IGF-I concentration whereas IGF-I might not be an important mediator in the regulation of N metabolism by Met in growing sheep nourished by total intragastric infusions.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2012

Differential capacity of the parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (PESCs) is still under controversy and the mechanisms of its neural induction are yet poorly understood. Here we demonstrated neural lineage induction of PESCs by addition of insulin-like growth factor-2 (Igf2), which is an important factor for embryo organ development and a paternally expressed imprinting gene. Murine PESCs were aggregated to embryoid bodies (EBs) by suspension culture under the leukemia inhibitory factor-free condition for 4 days. To test the effect of exogenous Igf2, 30 ng/ml of Igf2 was supplemented to EBs induction medium. Then neural induction was carried out with serum-free medium containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, and fibronectin complex (ITSFn) for 12 days. Normal murine embryonic stem cells derived from fertilized embryos (ESCs) were used as the control group. Neural potential of differentiated PESCs and ESCs were analyzed by immunofluorescent labeling and real-time PCR assay (Nestin, neural progenitor marker; Tuj1, neuronal cell marker; GFAP, glial cell marker). The differentiated cells from both ESC and PESC showed heterogeneous population of Nestin, Tuj1, and GFAP positive cells. In terms of the level of gene expression, PESC showed 4 times higher level of GFAP expression than ESCs. After exposure to Igf2, the expression level of GFAP decreased both in derivatives of PESCs and ESCs. Interestingly, the expression level of $Tuj1$ increased only in ESCs, not in PESCs. The results show that IGF2 is a positive effector for suppressing over-expressed glial differentiation during neural induction of PESCs and for promoting neuronal differentiation of ESCs, while exogenous Igf2 could not accelerate the neuronal differentiation of PESCs. Although exogenous Igf2 promotes neuronal differentiation of normal ESCs, expression of endogenous $Igf2$ may be critical for initiating neuronal differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. The findings may contribute to understanding of the relationship between imprinting mechanism and neural differentiation and its application to neural tissue repair in the future.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2000

Partial enteral nutrition (PEN) supplemented with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to neonatal piglets receiving parenteral nutrition increases lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) activity, but not LPH mRNA. The goal of the current study was to investigate the mechanism by which IGF-I up-regulates LPH activity. We hypothesized that IGF-I regulates LPH synthesis post-transcriptionally. Methods: Newborn piglets (n=15) received 100% parenteral nutrition (TPN), 80% parenteral nutrition + 20% PEN (PEN), or PEN + IGF-I (1.0mg/kg/d). On day 7, two stable isotopes of leucine, [$^2 H_3$]-leucine and [$^{13}C_1$]-L-leucine were intravenously administered to measure mucosal protein and brush LPH (BB LPH) synthesis. Results: Weight gain, nutrient intake and jejunal weight and length were similar among the treatment groups. PEN increased mucosal weight, villus width and cross-sectional area, LPH activity, mRNA expression and the abundance of proLPHh compared to 100% TPN (p<0.05). IGF-I further increased mucosal weight, LPH activity and LPH activity per unit BB LPH ~2-fold over PEN alone (p<0.05), but did not affect LPH mRNA or the abundance of proLPHh or mature LPH. Isotopic enrichment of [$^2 H_3$]-leucine and [$^{13}C_1$]-L-leucine in plasma, mucosal protein and LPH precursors, and the fractional and absolute synthesis rates of mucosal protein and LPH were similar among the treatment groups. Total mucosal protein synthesis was increased 60% (p<0.05) and LPH synthesis tended (p=0.14) to be greater in the IGF-I treated animals compared to the other two groups. Conclusions: The primary mechanism by which IGF-I up-regulates LPH may be post-translational, either via reducing LPH turnover, or by specifically altering LPH activity.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2008

Objectives : Effects of Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) on intellectual development and learning ability were investigated growth and intellectual impairment rat with insufficient nutrition diet. Methods : We divided male Sprague-Dawley rats into 4 groups(A, B, C, D). They were normal group(A), growth deficiency rat with insufficient nutrition diet group(B), growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group(C) and growth deficiency rat with 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group(D). They were administered for 5 weeks. We measured body weight, serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, RBC, concentration of Hb and PCV ratio, total WBC and its composition, the values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities and morris water maze test in escape distance, escape time and escape speed. Results : 1. Body weight showed a tendency to increase in the Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups and 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group showed significantly different than control groups. 2. Serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone showed a tendency to increase in Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups, however these values showed no significantly different. 3. About the counts of RBC, 0.1% and 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed significantly different than control groups. Concentration of Hb was higher than control group in Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups. And 0.2% Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) group showed significantly different than control groups in PCV ratio. 4. The counts of total WBC and its composition showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 5. The values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 6. In the morris water maze test, in escape distance and escape speed, Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed no significantly different than control group. But Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) groups showed the increasing tendency. Conclusions : So Kyungohkgo($Qi{\acute{o}}ng\;y{\grave{u}}\;g{\grave{a}}o$) have an effect of promoting growth of rats and might be effect to treat various kinds of growth delay in children.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Bojungikgitang-gagambang (BJIG) on longitudinal bone growth in rats. Methods: The BJIG treated group (300 mg/kg) and the control group (vehicle) were administered orally twice daily for 4 days. To investigate the effects of BJIG we measured body weight gain. The bone growth effect was analyzed by measuring between fluorescent lines marked with tetracycline, which plays the role of fluorescent dye on the surface of the tibia. Tetracycline was intraperitoneally injected. The height of growth plates in the epiphyseal plate was measured. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and insuline-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: BJIG caused a significant acceleration of longitudinal bone growth of $349.7{\pm}15.9{\mu}m/day$ compared to control ($319.8{\pm}21.4{\mu}m/day$). The height of overall growth plate was not significantly more compared to the control, but the size of cells in the proliferative zone and hypertrophic zone were. In the immunohistochemistry, BMP-2 and IGF-1 were expressed markedly in the proliferative or hypertrophic zone, respectively. Conclusions: BJIG stimulated the chondrocyte hypertrophy and chondrogenesis in the growth plate and directly increased the longitudinal tibia length of rats.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.171-175
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• 2004

젖소 초유 유청을 ultrafiltration으로서 30kDa 사이의 IGF-I rich fraction을 분획하였다. 분획한 IGF-I rich fraction은 SDS-PAGE와 Western blotting으로 IGF-I이 존재하는 것을 확인하였고, sandwich ELISA로써 그 함량을 측정한 결과 fraction중 IGF-I의 함량은 단백질 mg당 10ng으로 나타났다. IGF-I rich fraction으로 IEC-6, Detroit 551, EL-4 및 L6 in vitro세포의 증식에 미치는 효과를 실험한 결과 IEC-6 cell은 IGF-I 기준으로 10ng, 1 ng, 0.1ng, 0.01ng에서 각각 대조구에 비해서 60%, 53%, 30 그리고 20%의 세포증식효과를 나타내었다. IEC-6의 증식은 ICF-I의 투여량이 증가할수록 세포의 증식효과가 더 높게 나타났다. Detroit 551 cell은 10ng과 1ng수준에서 각각 56%와 26%의 세포증식 효과를 나타내었다. 그리고 EL-4 cell과 L6 cell은 10ng 수준에서 각각 53%와 46%의 세포증식 효과를 나타내었다. 모든 세포주에서 IGF-I 함유농도가 10 ng 투여구에서 세포 증식율이 가장 높았으며 IEC-6 cell, Detroit 551 및 EL-4 cell은 모두 약 60%의 세포 성장률을 나타내었고 L6 cell은 약 50%의 성장률을 보였다.