• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.444-475
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• 2013

This study explores the trajectories of institutionalization for technology transfer both in the U.S. and Korea, particularly focusing on two universities: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), and the University of California (UC). By comparing the diverging paths of the two universities in setting up institutions, this paper examines the limits of and lessons for technology transfer policies both to Korean government and universities in Korea. The University of California was involved in designing rules and codes, on one hand, to stimulate its members' engagements with technology transfer activity and, on the other hand, to keep its academic integrity since, no later than, the 1960s. The efforts and consequences range from its rules of patenting system to its codes of conducts. Through making rules formal and resolving conflicts on technology transfer activity, the U.S., and the University of California have decreased uncertainties for its members' engagements with industries. By contrast, KAIST has not built up such range of rules or codes due to its shorter experience and its constraining legal contexts. Korea introduced the legal format of the US Bayh-Dole Act in 2002, and its central government has led the initiatives for technology transfer, not allowing much latitude for its universities. This study implies a set of policy recommendations to the Korean government and KAIST: to build entrepreneurial universities, the government should give greater latitude to universities, so universities should be more rigorously engaged in developing their own rules and routines; the government, rather, should focus on providing bridging R&D funds like the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), so researchers could draw on resources to move their basic research into next phases; KAIST would be better to promote its members to engage with industries, and introduce conduct codes that allow its academics to engage in industrial activity, rather than building up its commercialization facilities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2014

This study was orchestrated with the purpose of uncovering new nutraceutical resources possessing biological activities in the plant kingdom. To fulfill our objective, we analyzed several Chinese plants and selected three possessing powerful anti-oxidative activities. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects these three Chinese plants, Malus hupehensis, Ophiorrhiza cantonensis, and Psychotria rubra ethanol extracts were then evaluated. First of all, they possessed potent scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl, similar with that of ascorbic acid, used as a positive control. Moreover, they inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species, in a dose-dependent manner, in RAW 264.7 cells. Also, they induced the expression of an anti-oxidative enzyme, heme oxygenase 1, and its upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2. Furthermore, they suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) formation, without cytotoxicity. The inhibition of NO formation was the result of the down regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The suppression of NO and iNOS by the three extracts might be the result of modulation by the upstream transcription factors, nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ and activator protein-1. Taken together, these results indicate that these three Chinese plants possess potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, they might be utilized as promising materials in the field of nutraceuticals.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.413-420
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• 2017

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of red beet (Beta vulagaris) root. Red beet root was extracted using 70% ethanol and then fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. Antioxidative ability was evaluated by bioassays using total polyphenol contents and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt) radical scavenging activity. Ethyl acetate fraction of red beet root was best on total polyphenol contents ($37.02{\pm}0.37mg\;GAE/g$) and ABTS radical scavenging effects ($IC_{50}$ $42.9{\pm}9.5{\mu}g/mL$). For the anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells, the hexane fraction showed the highest inflammatory effect. Dose response studies were performed to determine the inhibitory effect of hexane fraction of red beet root on pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The hexane fraction of red beet root inhibited the NO and $PGE_2$ production and the protein level of iNOS and COX-2, and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$), in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that red beet root has considerable potential as a functional food ingredient with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.685-699
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and commercialize them with high added value. This study examines the hydrolyzed and fermented PG extract (HFPGE) fermented with Lactobacillus casei in RAW 264.7 cells, and investigates the effect of amplifying the immune and the probable molecular mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: HFPGE's total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and platycodin D contents were analyzed by colorimetric analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by a phagocytosis assay kit, nitric oxide (NO) production by a Griess reagent system, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: Compared to PGE, HFPGE was determined to contain 13.76 times and 6.69 times higher contents of crude saponin and platycodin D, respectively. HFPGE promoted cell proliferation and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells and regulated the NO production and iNOS expression. Treatment with HFPGE also resulted in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand10, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the mRNA expressions of these cytokines. HFPGE also resulted in significantly increasing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results imply that fermentation and hydrolysis result in the extraction of more active ingredients of PG. Furthermore, we determined that HFPGE exerts immunostimulatory activity via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.105-112
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• 2022

Innovation is considered as an implemented innovation in education - in the content, methods, techniques and forms of educational activity and personality education (methods, technologies), in the content and forms of organizing the management of the educational system, as well as in the organizational structure of educational institutions, in the means of training and education and in approaches to social services in education, distance and multimedia learning, which significantly increases the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of the educational process. The classification of currently known pedagogical technologies that are most often used in practice is shown. The basis of the innovative activity of a modern teacher is the formation of an innovative program-methodical complex in the discipline. Along with programmatic and content provision of disciplines, the use of informational tools and their didactic properties comes first. It combines technical capabilities - computer and video technology with live communication between the lecturer and the audience. In pedagogical innovation, the principles reflecting specific laws and regularities of the implementation of innovative processes are singled out. All principles are elements of a complex system of organization and management of innovative activities in the field of education and training. They closely interact with each other, which enhances the effect of each of them due to the synergistic effect. To improve innovative activities in the training of students, today computer technologies are widely used in pedagogy as a science, as well as directly in the practice of the pedagogical process. They have gained the most popularity in such activities as distance learning, online learning, assistance in the education management system, development of programs and virtual textbooks in various subjects, searching for information on the network for the educational process, computer testing of students' knowledge, creation of electronic libraries, formation of a unified scientific electronic environment, publication of virtual magazines and newspapers on pedagogical topics, teleconferences, expansion of international cooperation in the field of Internet education. The article considers computer technologies as the main building material for the entire society. In the modern world, there is a need to prepare a person for life in a multimedia environment. This process should be started as early as possible, because the child's contact with the media is present almost from the moment of his birth.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

In this study, a quercetin benton gel (QUERPLEX) that stabilized quercetin was prepared using organo hectorite, and its efficacy was confirmed. In addition, a comparative study was conducted on the stability and effectiveness of applying this to sunscreen cosmetics. It was confirmed that QUERPLEX remained stable without showing crystal precipitation and growth for 4 weeks. As a result of measuring antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), it showed antioxidant activity depending on the concentration, and showed a radical elimination ability of 70% or more at a concentration of 2,500 ppm or more, confirming a significant effect. Anti-inflammatory activity experiments using RAW 264.7 cells confirmed that NO production decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by reducing NO production by 8% at 25 ㎍/mL, 23% at 50 ㎍/mL, and 84% at 100 ㎍/mL. As a result of confirming the stability of the formulation according to the method of quercetin in the sunscreen formulation, the stability of the formulation was improved when quercetin was added directly to the formulation. It also improved the UV protection index on in vitro and in vivo, which is expected to have the potential as a component that can have a new boosting effect on UV protection. These results suggest that organo hectorite is very effective as a quercetin carrier and that it can be applied in cosmetic formulations by not only expressing the efficacy of quercetin but also bringing about additional effects.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.172-180
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract for assessing whether Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ can be used for the development of natural mouthwash and denture cleaning solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The extract was obtained from branches of Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$. The solvent fractions were acquired by fractionating Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and butanol solvent. Paper disc test was used to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract and solvent fractions against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The analysis of antioxidant activity was carried out through DPPH radical scavenging assay. The cytotoxicity of Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract was analyzed through MTT assay using normal human oral keratinocytes. RESULTS. Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and especially Candida albicans. The solvent fractions of Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ showed strong antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in n-hexane and butanol solvent fraction, respectively. Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract also showed outstanding antioxidant activity. Butanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvent fraction of Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ tended to have increased antioxidant activity as the concentration increased. Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract showed high cell survival rate in cytotoxicity test. CONCLUSION. Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ extract turned out to have antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytophilicity. Based on these results, it is expected that Dendropanax morbifera $L{\acute{e}}veille$ is applicable as an ingredient for natural mouthwash and denture cleanser.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2014

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italia) florets were extracted with 80% methanol and the extract was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and distilled water. The extract and the fractions were evaluated for total phenolic content, sulforaphane content, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The total phenolic content and sulforaphane content of the ethyl acetate fraction (EF) were 35.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and $620.2{\mu}g/g$, respectively. These values were higher than those of the 80% methanol extract and organic solvent fractions. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of the EF [$1,588.7{\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents (TE)/mg] was 11-fold higher than that of the distilled water fraction ($143.7{\mu}M\;TE/mg$). The EF inhibited nitric oxide release from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, the EF of broccoli florets exerted potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.435-443
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• 2015

Sixty-one endophytic fungus strains with different colony morphologies were isolated from the leaves, stems and roots of Tephrosia purpurea with colonization rates of 66.95%, 37.50%, and 26.92%, respectively. Based on internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, 61 isolates were classified into 16 genera belonging to 3 classes under the phylum Ascomycota. Of the 61 isolates, 6 (9.84%) exhibited antifungal activity against one or more indicator plant pathogenic fungi according to the dual culture test. Isolate TPL25 had the broadest antifungal spectrum of activity, and isolate TPL35 was active against 5 plant pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, culture filtrates of TPL25 and TPL35 exhibited greater than 80% growth inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We conclude that the endophytic fungal strains TPL25 and TPL35 are promising sources of bioactive compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.498-508
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the potential of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) inner bark extracts as an antidiabetic agent. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the bark extracts was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column to yield five compounds, which structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were (+)-catehin, (-)-epicatechin, taxifolin, taxifolin-3'-O-${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose and $\tilde{n}$-courmaric acid. The antidiabetic activity of the different fractions, including the crude extracts and isolated compounds, was evaluated by ${\beta}$-cells insulin secretion and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. The insulin secretion was 128% for taxifolin at $25{\mu}g/mL$. However, the other samples had no effect on this test. For the glucose uptake activity assay, $1{\mu}M$ insulin and 2 mM metformin were used as controls. Both the crude extract and taxifolin showed relatively low activity values, but the other samples yielded glucose uptake values over 260%. ${\rho}$-courmaric acid showed the highest uptake (270%). The results confirmed that Korean red pine extracts may be used as a hypoglycemic agent.