• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.125-132
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• 2007

In order to provide consumers with safety informations of vehicles according to the Korean New Car Assessment Program(KNCAP), the evaluation results and the star ratings of 21 vehicles for the side impact tests have been reported since 2003. Now, the KNCAP considers changing the side impact dummy from EuroSID-1 to EuroSID-2 near future. The rib deflection of EuroSID-2 is 20-30% higher than that of EuroSID-1 because of the removal of "Flat Tops" effect. In this study, the effect of changing the side impact dummy from EuroSID-1 to EuroSID-2 in the KNCAP side impact evaluation is estimated through the previous KNCAP evaluation results. The results show that the decrease of the star ratings would be one star($\bigstar$) approximately.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2011

Purpose: A few studies have assessed the factors affecting the prognoses for major trauma patients and those improving the circumstances when dealing with the trauma system. In that light, we analyzed factors, such as pre-hospital factors, the time to admission, the length of stay in the emergency department (ED) and emergency operation, influencing the outcomes for trauma patients. Methods: The patients who visited our emergency department from April 1, 2009, to February 29, 2011, due to major trauma were enrolled in the study. The inclusion criterion was a revised trauma score (RTS) < 7 or injury severity score (ISS) ${\geq}$ 16. We used reviews of medical records, to analyze each step of emergency medical care with respect to patients' sex, age, visit time and visit date. Continuous variables were described as a median with an interquartile range, and we compared the variables between the survival and the mortality groups by using the Mann-Whitney U test. Fisher's exact test was used for nominal variables. Using the variables that showed statistical significance in univariate comparisons, we performed a logistic regression analysis, and we tested the model's adequacy by the using the Hosmer-Lemeshow method. Results: A total of 261 patients with major trauma satisfied either the RTS score criterion or the ISS score criterion. Excluding 12 patients with missing data, 249 patients were included in this study. The overall mortality rate was 16.9%. Time to ED arrival, time to admission, time of ED stay, RTS, ISS, and visit date being a holiday showed statistically significant differences between the survival and the mortality groups in the univariate analysis. RTS, ISS, length of ED stay, and visit date being a holiday showed statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The mortality rate did not show a significant relationship with the time to ED arrival, use of 119, on time to admission. Rather, it elicited a quite significant correlation with the trauma scoring system (RTS and ISS), the time of ED stay, and the visit date being a holiday.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 1999

Objective : This study was designed to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) after motor vehicle accidents(MVA) in 44 consecutive MVA victims referred to psychiatry for the diagnosis, treatment and psychiatric assessment. Method : The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder was made on the basis of DSM-IV criteria, and posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale(CAPS). Correlation between the extent of physical injury and the severity of PTSD symptoms using the Abbreviated Injury Scale(AIS) was analyzed and the frequency of psychiatric comorbidity of PTSD was invested. Result : Twenty-two(45.5%) MVA victims met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, while thirteen(29.5%) showed a subsyndromal form of it. AIS scores significantly related with the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms(r=0.565, p=0.0001). PTSD group showed high percentages of each of the 17 symptoms(criterion B, C, D), while subsyndromal PTSD group showed relatively high percentages of criterion Band D. The most frequent symptom was 'distressing dreams' of criterion B in both group. A high percentages(56%) of the MVA-PTSD group also met the criteria for current major depression. Conclusions : These findings suggest that there is apparently a high likelihood of developing all or part of the PTSD syndrome after motor vehicle accidents. So it does appear that for those MVA victims who seek medical attention and eventually need psychiatric referral, diagnostic possibility of PTSD should be taken into account in treatment planning and early intervention.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.247-253
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• 2012

Purpose: Hemorrhage is a main cause of death in trauma patients. The goal of this study is to describe the characteristics of trauma patients with massive bleeding and to evaluate the prognostic factors concerning their survival. Methods: This study was performed retrospectively and included trauma patients with massive bleeding who had been treated from March 2007 to August 2012. The inclusion criterion was patients who received more than 10 U of packed red blood cells within the first 24 hours after visiting the emergency department. Based on their medical records, we collected data in terms of demographic findings, mechanisms of injury, initial clinical and laboratory findings, methods for hemostasis (emergency surgery and/or angioembolization), transfusion, injury severity score (ISS), revised trauma score (RTS) and trauma and injury severity score (TRISS). We used the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test to compare the variables between the patients that survived and those that did not. We performed a logistic regression analysis with the significant variables from the univariate test. Results: Thirty-two(32) patients were enrolled. The main mechanisms of injury were falls and motor vehicle accidents. The mean transfusion amount of packed red blood cells (PRBC) was 17.4 U. The mean elapsed time for the first hemostasis (surgery or embolization) was 3.5 hours. The initial technical success rates were 83.3%(15/18) in angioembolization and 66.7%(8/12) in surgery. The overall mortality rate was 34.4%(11/32). The causes of death were bleeding, brain swelling and multiple organ failure. The ISS(25.5 vs 46.3, p=0.000), TRISS(73.6 vs 45.1, p=0.034) and base excess(<-12 mmol/L, p=0.020) were significantly different between the patients who survived and those who did not. Conclusion: The ISS was a prognostic factor for trauma patients with massive bleeding.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.152-165
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• 2005

Background: The use of herbal preparations as remedies for various medical conditions has continuously increased in Korea Large proportions of Korean patients use herbal medicinal products, folk remedies, and food supplements. However, studies on the safety of herbal products arc conducted on a less than sufficient basis even in the countries like Korea where herbal medicine is being used extensively. Some of the reports on the safety of herbs were done by the doctors of western medicine but lack of knowledge and misclassification led to misunderstandings. Objecitves: This study aims to review the recent evidences on hepatotoxic events associated with the use of herbal medicinal products, folk remedy, and food supplements. In the process, this review will grasp trends in this field of studies and will direct further researches into the right direction. Methods: Systematic literature searches were performed on MedRic and MEDLIS in Korea. Screening and selection of the articles and the extraction of data were performed independently by two of authors. There were no restrictions regarding the published date. In order to avoid bias, the articles written by medical doctors, not by oriental doctors were selected. 43 journals were chosen for the review. Results: Analyzing the number of journals, studies on the drug-induced liver injury were increased after the year 2000. The proportion of herbal and folk remedy associated hepatotoxic injuries in all drug-induced liver injury was $21.0\%-30.0\%$. But criterion for herbal medicine is rather vague and limited objective data hindered objectiveness. Few of single medicinal herbs and combination preparations were associated with hepatotoxic injuries. But because of lack of objectivity, further researches must be conducted to yield more concrete results. Conclusions: yield more concrete results. Incidence figures are largely unknown, and in most cases a causal attribution is not established. The challenge for the future is to systematically research this area, educate all parties involved, and minimize patient risks.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2014

A wheeled armored vehicle is a military vehicle that has been developed to enhance combat capabilities and mobility for the army. The wheeled armored vehicle has a high center of gravity, and it operates on unpaved and sloped roads. Therefore, this vehicle has a high risk of rollover crashes. To design the interior of the military vehicle, the crew's safety during rollover crashes is an important factor. However, actual vehicle tests for design are extremely expensive. In this paper, nonlinear dynamic analysis is performed to simulate the rollover crashes and the passenger injury is assessed for a wheeled armored vehicle. The scope of this research is the rollover condition, FE modeling of the wheeled armored vehicle and the dummy, arrangement of dummies, assessment of passenger injuries, and simulation model for rollover crashes.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2020

Objective: This study to identify the mechanism of head impact that occurs during youth soccer game with regard to head injuries in sports. Method: Ten male subjects (age: 10.0±2.0 yrs.) were participated during 10 soccer practices spread out over a time period of 10 weeks. During each soccer game, the participants agreed and wore the X-Patch (wireless accelerometer, gyroscopes). The X-Patch records the head impact mechanics, such as peak linear acceleration (PLA), peak rotational acceleration (PRA), peak rotational velocity (PRV), Head Injury Criterion (HIC), and the location of impact. Results: A total of 501 impacts to the head were measured over the 10 soccer games, PLA 17.8±10.4 g, PRA 3168±2442 rad/s²; PRV 16.1±10.6 rad/s; HIC 11.7±34.2. The severity of impact was classified into 3 ranges; low 10~39 g (482 impacts); medium 40~69 g (17 impacts); and high >69 g (2 impacts). There are no significant differences in PLA and HIC (p=0.08, p=0.15), however PRA and PRV show the differences (p<.05) between each of the participants. For the analysis comparing between the soccer games, there are no significant differences in PLA, PRA, PRV and HIC (p=0.11, p=0.13, p=0.14, p=0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicated that there were significant differences between athletes, especially in terms of rotational acceleration, whereas there were significant differences in linear and rotational based variable between each of the soccer games. Although the vast majority of impacts were below 39 g there were 2 potentially dangerous impacts above 69 g. It is important that future research continuous to measure head impact mechanics during soccer to help understand head injury mechanisms to ensure the safety of athletes.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.251-258
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• 2018

Recently, due to the increase in the traffic volume of vehicle, the collision of the vehicle collision has been increased so that the neck injuries of the passengers has been increased. In order to prevent this, vehicle collision analysis research using computer simulation has been actively carried out in consideration of the design point of car seat. In this study, I used the MADYMO program for analyzing the passenger behavior using a BioRID II dummy, and predicted the neck injuries of passengers according to the change of the backset at the rearward collision of the driving speed of 16km/h. As a result, it was found that the shorter the backset, the shorter the contact start time but the contact completion time was almost the same and the T1 acceleration showed that the acceleration increased with the backset. In addition, the tensile strength increases as the backset increases, and NIC (Neck Injury Criterion) increases as the head speed reaches the headrest.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 1992

Real automobiles have been utilized to study the occupant behaviors and the response of the structures in the crash environment. Since various parameters are involved in the automobile crashworthiness, a number of experiments must be conducted. The experiments have been contributed to increasing the cost due to the fact that the test is quite expensive. Therefore, computer simulation is adopted to reduce the number of experiments. A few computer programs have been developed specifically to solve the occupant responses in the crash environment. In this research, a software is used to study the occupant dynamic analysis. A modeling of occupant analysis is established for a passenger car and the results are verified through comparisons with real experiments. In the modeling, data are tuned very carefully so that simulated results such as HIC(Head Injury Criterion) and acceleration of each body may approximate to the experimental results. The compared experiment is a barrier test which is carried out by frontal impact. A feedback to the design process is suggested from the result of this research.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.14-20
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• 1996

95년도 한국 교통사고 통계에 의하면 사망자의 73%가 두부(Head), 경부(Neck) 에 손상을 입고 있으며 부상자의 22%는 두부에 20%는 경부에 부상을 입고 있다. 사고 형태로도 여러 사고 형태중 고속도로 혹은 시내주행시 후면 충돌에 의한 사고 가 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현재 일반적으로 사용중인 Head Restraint 시스템의 효과와 그 사용방법에 따라서 인체에 미치는 영향을 충돌 모의 실험이 가능한 DYNAMAN Package를 사용하여 고찰하였다. 충돌시험 속도인 30mph 후방 충돌 Test 시 Head Restraunt(H/R)을 사용하지 않을 경우는 Head Injury Criterion(HIC)이 한계치 1000 을 상회하는 것은 경추의신전 한계(extension)를 넘어 사망 혹은 하반신 마비의 가능성이 매우 높으며, H/R을 사용하고 있다고 해도 머리높이까지 충분히 높지 않거나 머리와의 거리가 멀 경우 경추의 신전 한계를 넘어 경부의 손상 가능성을 높여 주고 있다. 그러므로 제작자는 머리 높이까지 충분히 구속이 가능한 H/R을 설계 제작하여야 하겠고, 사용자는 H/R을 적절한 위치까지(머리높이)조절하여 하용하도록 하며 머리와의 거리 또한 되도록 가깝게 위치하도록 H/R 의 각도를 조절하여 경미한 후면 충돌시에도 머리보다 H/R을 넘어 경부에 부상을 입지않도록 게몽되어 계몽되어야 한다.