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Protective Effects of Welsh Onion (Allium fistulosum L.) on Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats (랫드의 약물성 간장 장해에 대한 대파의 보호 효과)

  • Cha, Hwan-Soo;Seong, Ki-Seung;Kim, Sung-Ho;Seo, Ji-Woo;Park, Sun-Joo;Kim, Soon-Im;Lee, Kyung-Won;Yoon, So-Rah;Han, Dong-Un
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.9
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    • pp.1344-1349
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    • 2005
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Welsh onion administration on $CCl_4$-induced hepatic injury in rats. The increasing rate of the body and organ weight was not significantly different by the ad-ministration of the Welsh onion. Welsh onion (2, 4, $10\%$ w/w) was given for 4 weeks with the injections of $CCl_4$. Total serum lipid was significantly decreased in all treatment groups compared to $CCl_4$ only treatment group (p<0.05). The Welsh onion from winter season was more protective effect by lowering the serum levels of transminase (SGOT and SGPT) compared with others, the levels of transminase - phosphatase (ALP) in serum. The Welsh onion from winter at a dose of $4\%,\;10\%$ (w/w) showed significantly hepatoprotective activity which was comparable to that $CCl_4$-induced hepatic damage. Histological evaluation showed that Welsh onion partially prevented $CCl_4$-induced inflammation, necrosis and vacuolation. Pretreatment of Welsh onion reduced extent of the necrosis found 24 hr after the intraperitoneal administration of $CCl_4$. The present study shows the liver protective action of the Welsh onion against experimentally induced liver damage in rats. This suggests that the Welsh onion may be used as an effective hepatoprotective agent.

Functional Brain Mapping Using $H_2^{15}O$ Positron Emission Tomography ( I ): Statistical Parametric Mapping Method ($H_2^{15}O$ 양전자단층촬영술을 이용한 뇌기능 지도 작성(I): 통계적 파라메터 지도작성법)

  • Lee, Dong-Soo;Lee, Jae-Sung;Kim, Kyeong-Min;Chung, June-Key;Lee, Myung-Chul
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.225-237
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    • 1998
  • Purpose: We investigated the statistical methods to compose the functional brain map of human working memory and the principal factors that have an effect on the methods for localization. Materials and Methods: Repeated PET scans with successive four tasks, which consist of one control and three different activation tasks, were performed on six right-handed normal volunteers for 2 minutes after bolus injections of 925 MBq $H_2^{15}O$ at the intervals of 30 minutes. Image data were analyzed using SPM96 (Statistical Parametric Mapping) implemented with Matlab (Mathworks Inc., U.S.A.). Images from the same subject were spatially registered and were normalized using linear and nonlinear transformation methods. Significant difference between control and each activation state was estimated at every voxel based on the general linear model. Differences of global counts were removed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with global activity as covariate. Using the mean and variance for each condition which was adjusted using ANCOVA, t-statistics was performed on every voxel To interpret the results more easily, t-values were transformed to the standard Gaussian distribution (Z-score). Results: All the subjects carried out the activation and control tests successfully. Average rate of correct answers was 95%. The numbers of activated blobs were 4 for verbal memory I, 9 for verbal memory II, 9 for visual memory, and 6 for conjunctive activation of these three tasks. The verbal working memory activates predominantly left-sided structures, and the visual memory activates the right hemisphere. Conclusion: We conclude that rCBF PET imaging and statistical parametric mapping method were useful in the localization of the brain regions for verbal and visual working memory.

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Effects of PEG on Embryo Production in Superovulated Hostein Cows (젖소 과배란 처리시 PEG(Polyethylene Glycol) 처리가 수정란 생산에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi S. H.;Ryu I. S.;Han M. H.;Cho S. R.;Choe C. Y.;Kim H. J.;Son D. S.;Kim Y. K.;Lee J. W.
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.317-322
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    • 2005
  • This study was conducted to improve the efficiency of embryo recovery and to establish the protocols of superovulation in Holstein cows. Sixteen Holstein cows were used the test the efficacy of three superovulation regimens using Folltropin. In the case of regimen 1, CIDR plus with E2 capsule was inserted in cows at the random stage of estrous cycle and the total of 400 mg Folltropin V was adminstered twice a day for 4 days(Folltropin V group). In regimen 2, CIDR was inserted and 3.0 mg estradiol benzoate was administered i.m. next day and the total of 400 mg Folltropin was adminstered twice a day for 4 days(Folltropin V+EB group). For regimen 3, CIDR insertion was same as in the regimen 2 and the total of 400 mg Folltropin diluted with $10\%$ PEG 8,000 was administered once(Folttropin V+PEG 8,000 group). In all the regimens, CIDR were removed on 12th day and 45 mg dinoprost was administered i.m. simultaneously. The heat detected donors were administered 200 ug LH-RH and inseminated twice with 2 straws of frozen semen 12 hours apart. Embryo were collected using Foley catherter in each uterine homs on 6${\~}$8 days after inseminations. The evaluation of collected embryos were according to the IETS manual. The CL responses according to the superovulation treatments were 5.8, 20.6, 24.0 in the Folltropin V, Folltropin+EB and Folltropin V+PE 8,000 groups, respectively and there were significant different among the treatments(p<0.01). Transferable embyos collected were 3.6$\pm$2.4, 3.3$\pm$l.8 and 2.8$\pm$2.3, in the Folltropin V, Folltropin+EB and Folltropin V+PE 8,000 groups, respectively. Degenerated and unfertilized embryos in regimen 2 and 3 than regimen 1. These results indicates that superovulation treatments with both multiple injections and a single injection using PEG of Folltropin combined with CIDR insertion at the random stage of estrus cycle can be used to produce Holstein embryos.

Effect of Non Breeding Season on Oocyte Recovery from Superovulated Korean Native Goats (재래산양의 비번식기에 과배란 처리에 의한 난자 회수와 단위발생란의 체외발달)

  • Yun, Yun Jin;Park, Hee Sung
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.19-24
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    • 2013
  • This study assesses of efficiency of oocyte recovery and in vitro development for during the non breeding season in goat. Thirty-four matured goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen implanted CIDR for 10 days. Superovulation treatment of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ on Day 8 and 400~600 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. Oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 35 to 40 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. The in vivo matured oocytes were activated by ionomycin (5 min) and 6-DMAP (3.5~4 h). The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF medium containing 0.8% BSA at $38.5^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, 90% $N_2$ for 7~8 days. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and in vivo matured and follicular oocytes recovered. But, quality of I+II grade follicular oocytes was lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (25.0%) than the adults (52.4%). The same results were also observed in the cleavage and blastocyst rate of activated oocytes. The clavage and blastocyst rate from prepubertal derived oocytes were lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (54.5%, 23.3%) than the adult goat (86.8%, 46.6%). Considering overall these results, we suggest that maturation of donor goats is a major factor affecting recovered oocytes quality and in vitro development of activated goat oocytes. There was no significant difference in oocyte quality between seasonal treatments.

Effect of Dietary Selenium on the Colon Carcinogenesis in Male ICR Mice

  • Cho, Min-Haeng;Kim, Jun-Hyeong;Hue, Jin-Joo;Kang, Bong-Su;Park, Hyun-Ji;Nam, Sang-Yoon;Yun, Young-Won;Kim, Jong-Soo;Jeong, Jae-Hwang;Lee, Beom-Jun
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.269-277
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    • 2010
  • Selenium is an essential micronutrient for normal body function and functions as an essential constituent of selenoproteins. This study was carried out to investigate effect of selenium on the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor formation in a mouse model. Five-week old ICR mice were acclimated for one week and fed different selenium diet (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 ppm) for 12 weeks. Animals received three intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg B.W. in saline for 3 weeks), followed by 2% dextran sodium sulfate in the drinking water for a week. There were four experimental groups, including a normal control group and three different selenium levels groups. After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and ACF were measured in the colonic mucosa after methylene blue staining. The number of tumors was noted for tumor incidence. Liver selenium concentration was measured using ICP-AES method. Gutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined using a GPx assay kit in the liver and colon. TUNEL assay and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining were performed to examine the cell apoptosis and cell proliferation, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of $\beta$-catenin was also performed on the mucous membrane tissue of colon. The activity of GPx in the liver and colon was decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group while it was increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. Apoptotic positive cells were increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group but decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group. PCNA staining area was decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. In addition, the $\beta$-catenin protein level in the selenium-deficient diet group was increased but decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. These results indicate that dietary selenium might exert a modulating effect on colon cancer by inhibiting the development of ACF and colon tumor formation in this mouse model.

Pathological study on experimental hemorrhagic and hemolytic anemia in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (나일틸라피아(Oreochromis niloticus)의 실험적 출혈성과 용혈성 빈혈의 병리학적 연구)

  • Song, Na-Young;Choi, Hye-Jeong;Lee, Mu-Kun;Huh, Min-Do
    • Journal of fish pathology
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.259-268
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    • 2005
  • This study was conducted to know the differences in pathology between artificially induced hemorrhagic anemia (EHA) and hemolytic anemia (ELA) during the anemic and recovery course, using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). EHA were induced by repeated bleedings with a volume of about 1% of body weight through caudal vein. ELA were induced by intraperitoneal injections of 1% phenylhydrazine for 2 times. A period of 16 to 49th day was arbitrarily taken as a recovery phase. There were no prominent clinical signs and gross findings except for pale gills during the anemic state of both. Characteristic erythrocytes with a weekly stained cytoplasm started appearing on the 12th day in both and were still noted on the 49 and 20th day respectively in EHA and ELA. EHA and ELA were normocytic hypochromic and macrocytic normochromic in type respectively, although both were normocytic hypochromic during the recovery phase. In liver, fatty degeneration around central vein on the 12-38th day in EHA and hyaline degeneration around central vein on the 12-26th day in ELA were found. In head kidney, increased hemopoiesis was observed on the 12-26th day in EHA and on the 2-12th day in ELA, and macrophages engulfing erythrocytes were observed on the 16-38th day in EHA and on the 2-12th days in ELA. In spleen, activated ellipsoids on the 12-26th day in EHA. and on the 2-20th day in ELA. In ELA, severe accumulation of hemosiderin in both spleen and head kidney were constantly noted from the 2-49th day. On the 49th, Ht was recovered but Hb was still lower than that of control in both anemia.

Optimization of Subtraction Brain Perfusion SPECT with Basal/Acetazolamide Consecutive Acquisition (기저/아세타졸아미드 부하 연속 촬영 뇌관류 SPECT 최적화)

  • Lee, Dong-Soo;Lee, Tae-Hoon;Kim, Kyeong-Min;Chung, June-Key;Lee, Myung-Chul;Koh, Chang-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.330-338
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    • 1997
  • This study investigated the method to adjust acquisition time(a) and injection dose (i) to make the best basal and subtraction images in consecutive SPECT. Image quality was assumed to be mainly affected by signal to noise ratio(S/N). Basal image was subtracted from the second image consecutively acquired at the same position. We calculated S/N ratio in basal SPECT images($S_1/N_1$) and subtraction SPECT images(Ss/Ns) to find a(time) and i(dose) to maximize S/N of both images at the same time. From phantom images, we drew the relation of image counts and a(time) and i(dose) in our system using fanbeam-high-resolution collimated triple head SPECT. Noise by imaging process depended on Poisson distribution. We took maximum tolerable duration of consecutive acquisition as 30 minutes and maximum injectible dose as 1,850MBq(50 mCi)(sum of two injections) per study. Counts of second-acquired image($S_2$), counts($S_s$) and noise($N_s$) of subtraction SPECT were as follows. $C_1$ was the coefficient of measurement with our system. $$S_2=S_1{\cdot}(\frac{30-a}{a})+background{\cdot}(1-\frac{30-a}{a})+C_1{\cdot}(30-a){\cdot}{\epsilon}{\cdot}(50-i)$$ $$Ss=S_2-\{S_1{\cdot}(\frac{30-a}{a})+background{\cdot}(1-\frac{(30-a)}{a})\}$$ $$Ns={\sqrt{N_2^2+N_1^2{\cdot}\frac{(30-a)^2}{a^2}}={\sqrt{S_2+S_1{\cdot}\frac{(30-a)^2}{a^2}}$$ In case of rest/acetazolamide study, effect(${\epsilon}$) of acetazolamide to increase global brain uptake of Tc-99m-HMPAO could be 1.5 or less. Varying ${\epsilon}$ from 1 to 1.5, a(time) and i(dose) pair to maximize both $S_1/N_l$ and Ss/Ns was determined. 15 mCi/17 min and 35mCi/13min was the best a(time) and i(dose) pair for rest/acetazolamide study(when ${\epsilon}$ were 1.2) and came to be used for our clinical routine after this study. We developed simple method to maximize S/N ratios of basal and subtraction SPECT from consecutive acquisition. This method could be applied to ECD/HMPAO and brain activation studies as well as rest/acetazolamide studies.

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A Case of the Shoulder-Hand Syndrome Caused by a Crush Injury of the Shoulder (견관절부 외상후 발생된 Shoulder-Hand Syndrome)

  • Jeon, Jae-Soo;Lee, Sung-Keun;Song, Hoo-Bin;Kim, Sun-Jong;Park, Wook;Kim, Sung-Yell
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.155-166
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    • 1989
  • Bonica defined, that reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) may develop pain, vasomotor abnoramalities, delayed functional recovery, and dystrophic changes on an affected area without major neurologic injury following trauma, surgery or one of several diseased states. This 45 year old male patient had been crushed on his left shoulder by a heavily laden rear car, during his job street cleaning about 10 years ago (1978). At first the pain was localizea only to the site of injury, but with time, it spreaded from the shoulder to the elbow and hand, with swelling. X-ray studies in the local clinic, showed no bone abnormalities of the affected site. During about 10 years following the injury, the had recieved several types of treatments such as nonsteroidal analgesics, steroid injections into the glenoidal cavity (10 times), physical therapy, some oriental herb medicines, and acupuncture over a period of 1~3 months annually. His shoulder pain and it's joint dysfunction persisted with recurrent paroxysmal aggrevation because of being mismanaged or neglected for a sufficiently long period these fore permiting progression of the sympathetic imbalance. On July 14 1988 when he visited our clinic. He complained of burning, aching and had a hyperpathic response or hyperesthesia in touch from the shoulder girdle to the elbow and the hand. Also the skin of the affected area was pale, cold, and there was much sweating of the axilla and palm, but no edema. The shoulder girdle was unable to move due to joint pain with marked weakness. We confirmed skin temperatures $5^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the unaffected axilla, elbow and palm of his hand, and his nails were slightly ridged with lateral arching and some were brittle. On X-ray findings of both the shoulder AP & lateral view, the left humerus and joint area showed diffuse post-traumatic osteoporosis and fibrous ankylozing with an osteoarthritis-like appearance. For evaluating the RSD and it's relief of pain, the left cervical sympathetic ganglion was blocked by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml with normal saline 5 ml (=SGB). After 15 minutes following the SGB, the clinical efficacy of the block by the patients subjective score of pain intensity (=PSSPI), showed a 50% reduction of his shoulder and arm pain, which was burning in quality, and a hyperpathic response against palpation by the examiner. The skin temperatures of the axilla and palm rose to $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ more than those before the SGB. He felt that his left face and upper extremity became warmer than before the SGB, and that he had reduced sweating on his axilla and his palm. Horner's sign was also observed on his face and eyes. But his deep shoulder joint pain was not improved. For the control of the remaining shoulder joint pain, after 45 minutes following the SGB, a somatic sensory block was performed by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 6 ml mixed with salmon calcitonin, $Tridol^{(R)}$, $Polydyn^{(R)}$ and triamcinolone into the fossa of the acromioclavicular joint region. The clinical effect of the somatic block showed an 80% releif of the deep joint pain by the PSSPI of the joint motion. Both blocks, as the above mentioned, were repeated a total of 28 times respectively, during 6 months, except the steroid was used just 3 times from the start. For maintaining the relieved pain level whilst using both blocks, we prescribed a low dose of clonazepam, prazocin, $Etravil^{(R)}$, codeine, etodolac micronized and antacids over 6 months. The result of the treatments were as follows; 1) The burning, aching and hyperpathic condition which accompanied with vaosmotor and pseudomotor dysfunction, disappeared gradually to almost nothing, within 3 weeks from the starting of the blocks every other day. 2) The joint disability of the affected area was improved little by little within 6 months. 3) The post-traumatic osteoporosis, fibrous ankylosis and marginal sclerosis with a narrowed joint, showed not much improvement on the X-ray findings (on April 25, 1989) 10 months later in the follow-up. 4) Now he has returned to his job as a street cleaner.

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Effect of Epidural Morphine and Bupivacaine with Hypertonic Solution or the Duration of Analgesia (경막외 Morphine, Bupivacaine 및 고장성용액 혼주시 진통지속효과에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Wook;Park, Kwang-Won
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.64-73
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    • 1988
  • Recent studios have shown that narcotic drags produce an unusually intense, prolonged and segmental analgesic action in man whoa injected into the spinal subarachnoid or epidural space (Wang et al, 1979; Behar et al, 1979; Cousins et al, 1979; Magora et a., 1980, Johnston and McCaughey, 1980). Since 1960, many investigators claimed that low molecular weight(LMW) dextran increased the clinical duration of lidocaine(Loder, 1960; Loder, 1962), tetracaine (Chinn and Wirjoatmadja, 1967) and bupivacaine(Kaplan et al, 1975) in man but the mechanism of the action of dextran was unclear. But Curtiss and Scurlock(1979), and Buckled and Fink(1979) claimed that LMW dextran has no effect on the duration of action of bupivacaine in animal studies. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of analgesia by the thoracic epidural injection of morphine and bupivacaine mixture for the relief of pain due to fractured or contused ribs, to evaluate the duration of analgesic effect by the use of the above mixture in a hypertonic solution(dextran 70 or 50% dextrose in water) and to observe the possibility of improvement in the lung function after the pain block. The complications following the pain block were also observed. The 50 single thoracic epidural injections of the mixture were divided into three groups : Group 1(n=15) served as a control group and drags used for the relief of pain were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}1.64\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.10{\pm}1.04\;ml$) and 0.9% saline($3.64{\pm}1.11\;ml$). Group 2(n=16) serves as an experimental group and drugs were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}0.72\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.06{\pm}0.77\;ml$) and dextran 70($3.75{\pm}1.29\;ml$). Group 3 (n=19) served as an experimental group and drags were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.) : morphine($2.42{\pm}0.51\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.21{\pm}0.71\;ml$) and 50% dextrose in water($3.58{\pm}1.11\;ml$). The results are were follows: 1) The Dumber of patients who obtained excellent and good analgesic effects following the block were greater in the experimental Croup 2(94%) and Group 3 (90%) than theme of the control Group 1 (80%). 2) The duration of pain relief which lasted more than 3 days after the epidural block was longer in the experimental Group 2 (81%) and Group 3 (75%) than those of the control Croup 1(67%). 3) The pulmonary reserve(FVC%+FEV 1.0%) of 27 cases who were treated by the pain block between 1 and 31 drys following the chest injury was increased to about 13% than those before the block, and that of 13 cases between 32 and 82 days following the chest injury was decreased to about 4% than those before the block. 4) Of the complications following the pain block, there were 5 cased(10%) of nausea within 2 hours following the block, 4 cases(8%) of vomiting after 2 hours following the block, 10 cases(20%) of pruritus after 3~4 hours following the block, 17 cases(34%) of transient urinary retention which tasted 8 to 19 hours, 3 cases(6%) of headache within 2 hoers following the block and 2 cases(4%) of dural puncture. In conclusion, it is suggested that the clinical duration of analgesic effect produced by morphine and bupivacaine mixture can be prolonged by addition of the hypertonic solution to the mixture.

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Embryonic Development and Early Life History of the Northern Loach, Cobitis pacifica (Pisces: Cobitidae) (북방종개 Cobitis pacifica(Pisces: Cobitidae)의 배 발생과 초기생활사)

  • Lee, Wan-Ok;Kim, Kyeong-Hwan;Baek, Jae-Min;Kang, Young-Jin;Jeon, Hyoung-Zoo;Kim, Chi-Hong
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2011
  • We investigated developmental stages of embryo and early life history of the Korean indigenous fish, the northern loach, Cobitis pacifica in 2009 in order to understand fundamental knowledges for conservation of this species. Eggs were obtained after hormones injections (LHRH-a, HCG) and were artificially fertilized by the dry method. The embryo was spherical, separative demersal, faint white, and averaged $1.09{\pm}0.04\;mm$ (n=20) in diameter. The hatching of the embryo took place in about 48 hours after fertilization under water temperature of $21.0{\sim}24.0^{\circ}C$ and the newly hatched larvae averaged $2.87{\pm}0.05\;mm$ (n=20) in total length (TL). Four days after hatching, the larvae grew up to $6.86{\pm}0.10\;mm$ (n=10) in TL and york sac absorption, mouth and anus opening were shown. Fourteen days after hatching, most of fin-rays appeared at $10.71{\pm}0.34\;mm$ (n=10) in TL and color spots on the body surface were attained. Twenty six days after hatching, the larvae grew up to $14.88{\pm}0.45\;mm$ (n=10) in TL, and all their fin-rays were formed. Therefore, according to current study regarding the morphological development of Cobitis pacidica, the conversion from larval to juvenile stages occurred at 26 days after hatching. Eighty days after hatching, the larvae were $33.3{\pm}1.25\;mm$ (n=10), and their body shape and color pattern were similar to adult fish. In this study, embryonic development and early life history of the northern loach, Cobitis pacifica show morphological characteristics of Cobitidae family. We expected that our results can be used as an fundamental knowledges for restoration study of indigenous fish species.