• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.108-118
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• 2015

꾸지뽕 열매의 부가가치를 증대하기 위해 꾸지뽕 발효식초를 제조하고 그의 발효조건을 확립하였다. 전통발효식품으로부터 초산내성, 초산 고생산능, ethanol 내성 및 아황산 내성이 우수한 49종의 초산 균주를 분리하였고, 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서열의 해독 결과, Acetobacter indonesiensis, A. cerevisiae, A. orientalis, A. tropicalis, A. fabarum, A. pasteurianus 및 A. syzygii으로 동정되었다. 이들 중 GRAS 균주인 A. pasteurianus SCMA5와 SCMA6를 발효 균주로 최종 선정하였다. 최적 발효는 꾸지뽕 열매 함량이 40%(v/v)인 즙액과 5%(v/v) ethanol을 첨가하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 72시간 발효가 가장 적절하였다. 관능평가 결과, SCMA06 균주를 적용한 발효액의 선호도가 SCMA05 균주를 적용한 발효액보다 높았다. SCMA06 균주를 사용한 발효식초에서 항산화 능력을 측정하는 DPPH 라디컬 소거활성의 경우 대조구에 비해 $53.02{\pm}0.78%$이상 높게 나타났고, 항당뇨 능력을 측정하는 AGI활성은 발효 72시간에 $91.40{\pm}2.43%$ 저해능을 보여 시판중인 acarbose보다 활성이 높았다. 이번 연구는 꾸지뽕 열매를 활용한 발효식초 제조를 위한 산업화 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.28-44
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• 1998

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration strategies for the disturbed landscapes by theoretical study. Especially, it is aimed to suggest three objectives for restoration by using native plants ; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of disturbed sites. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Cooperation between restoration ecologists and restoration practitioners is needed to delineate a scientific approach to restoration ; (1) Being aware of published literature that describes similar work and/or establish general principles. (2) Preparedness to carry out proper experiments to test ideas. (3) Preparedness to monitor fundamental parameters in a restoration scheme. (4) Providing information about the behavior of species. (5) Publish results. 2. There are three models of succession in theories of plant succession. The tolerance and facilitation models were recommended to ecological restoration. The inhibition model applies in most secondary succession, but the actual species which are introduced first may inhibit the germination and growth of slower-growing species, or they may prevent the growth of other species whose propagules arrive later. 3. The objectives of erosion control, wildlife habitat provision, and visual quality improvement are not mutually exclusive. However, many revegetation practices in the past have emphasized one of these aspects at the expense of the others. 4. A native plant community can be the model of ecological restoration. By stylization/abstraction of native plant community, trying to learn the most essential characteristics of community types - environmental factors ; dominant, prevalent, and "visual essence" species composition - in order to use such information in restoration. 5. After developing mass/spaces plan, match plant communities to the mass/space plan. In utilizing community grouping, there needs aesthetic ability to understand design elements. 6. Several hydrophytes such as Pennisetum saccharifluous, Themeda triandra, Cirsium pendulum show relatively good germination rates. In case of mesophytes and xerophytes, Arundinella hina, Artemisia princeps, Oenothera odorata and legumes seem to have quick-germinating abilities at barren sites. Pinus thunbergii, Rhus chinensis, Evodia daniellii, Alnus firma and Albizzia julibrissin can be considered as "late succession" woody plants because they show low germinating rates and slow growing habitat. 7. The seeds used for restoration should be collected within a certain radius of where it will be planted. Consideration in genetic issues in the collection and use of germplasm can increase the odds for successful restoration efforts. 8. The useful model in the "drift" pattern occurs so abundantly in naturally evolving landscapes. As one species diminishes in density, a second or third species are increased. Thus, dynamic interactions between species are created. Careful using of "drift phenomenon" in planting was recommended. 9. Virtually no stand of vegetation today is immune from the introduction and/or spreading of exotic species. Therefore, the perpetuation of a restored sites requires conscious monitoring and management. Thus, management would be the most important process in ecological restoration. 10. In order to keep the sites "natural", alternative management strategies would be applied in management ; Atenative management strategies are decelerating successional process, accelerating successional processes or modifying species composition. As management tools, mechanical, chemical, biological or environmental factor manipulation, e.g., fire could be used.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.259-270
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• 2001

The present study was attempted to investigate the characteristics of epibatidine on secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal gland, and to establish the mechanism of action. Epibatidine $(3{\times}10^{-8}\;M)$ injected into an adrenal vein produced a great inhibition in secretory response of CA from the perfused rat adrenal gland. However, upon the repeated injection of epibatidine $(3{\times}10^{-8}\;M)$ at 15 min-intervals, CA secretion was rapidly decreased after second injection of epibatidine. However, there was no statistical difference between CA secretory responses of both 1st and 2nd periods by the successive administration of epibatidine at 120 min-intervals. Tachyphylaxis to releasing effects of CA evoked by epibatidine was observed by the repeated administration. Therefore, in all subsequent experiments, epibatidine was not administered successively more than twice only 120 min-intervals. The epibatidine-induced CA secretion was markedly inhibited by the pretreatment with atropine, chlorisondamine, pirenzepine, nicardipine, TMB-8, and perfusion of $Ca^{2+}-free$ Krebs solution containing EGTA, while was not affected by diphenhydramine. Moreover, the CA secretion evoked by ACh for 1st period $(0{\sim}4\;min)$ was greatly potentiated by the simultaneous perfusion of epibatidine $(1.5{\times}10^{-8}\;M),$ but followed by time-dependently gradual reduction after 2nd period. The CA release evoked by high potassium $(5.6{\times}10^{-8}\;M),$ for 1st period $(0{\sim}4\;min)$ was also enhanced by the simultaneous perfusion of epibatidine, but those after 2nd period were not affected. Taken together, these experimental data suggest that epibatidine causes catecholamine secretion in a calcium dependent fashion from the perfused rat adrenal gland through activation of neuronal cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors located in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. It also seems that epibatidine-evoked catecholamine release is not relevant to stimulation of histaminergic receptors.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.547-556
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• 2016

Myometrial relaxation of mouse via expression of two-pore domain acid sensitive (TASK) channels was studied. In our previous report, we suggested that two-pore domain acid-sensing $K^+$ channels (TASK-2) might be one of the candidates for the regulation of uterine circular smooth muscles in mice. In this study, we tried to show the mechanisms of relaxation via TASK-2 channels in marine myometrium. Isometric contraction measurements and patch clamp technique were used to verify TASK conductance in murine myometrium. Western blot and immunehistochemical study under confocal microscopy were used to investigate molecular identity of TASK channel. In this study, we showed that TEA and 4-AP insensitive non-inactivating outward $K^+$ current (NIOK) may be responsible for the quiescence of murine pregnant longitudinal myometrium. The characteristics of NIOK coincided with two-pore domain acid-sensing $K^+$ channels (TASK-2). NIOK in the presence of $K^+$ channel blockers was inhibited further by TASK inhibitors such as quinidine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, and extracellular acidosis. Furthermore, oxytocin and estrogen inhibited NIOK in pregnant myometrium. When compared to non-pregnant myometrium, pregnant myometrium showed stronger inhibition of NIOK by quinidine and increased immunohistochemical expression of TASK-2. Finally, TASK-2 inhibitors induced strong myometrial contraction even in the presence of L-methionine, a known inhibitor of stretch-activated channels in the longitudinal myometrium of mouse. Activation of TASK-2 channels seems to play an essential role for relaxing uterus during pregnancy and it might be one of the alternatives for preventing preterm delivery.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 1984

제방 효모로 부터 분리 정제한 adenylate kinase 는 한개의 기질에 의해 또 하나의 기질 결합을ADP생성 반응에서는 4배, AMP와 Mg·ATP 생성에서는 2배 촉진되었다. 기질 특이성에 있어서는 nucleotide monophosphale일 경우 dAMP만이 활성을 보여주었으며 nucleotide triphosphate일 경우 ATP이외 UTP, ITP, GTP의 순위로 활성이 높았다. AMP와 Mg·ATP가 기질일 경우 과잉의 AMP는 pH 7.2와 pH8.0에서는 Mg·ATP에 경쟁적으로 저해하였으며 pH가 높을수록 그 Ki정수는 낮았다. Phosphoenolpyruvate는 AMP에 대해 경쟁적 Mg·ATP에 대해서는 비 경쟁적 저해제 이었으며 Adenosine pentaphosphoadenosine은 모든 기질에 대해 경쟁적 저해제로 작용하였다. 제빵 효모로부터의 adenylate kinase는 아미노산 조성에 있어서 동물의 Mitochondria형에 가까우며 Ito등의 결과와 일치하지 않았다. 상기와 같은 효소학적 성질을 종합 고찰한 결과 효모 adenylate kinase는 동물의 Mitochondria형 효소로 분류할 수 있으며 효모 adenylate kinase에 있어 연구자 상호간의 차이점은 사용한 균주의 차이에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2011

무인헬기를 이용한 제초제처리는 제초제의 특성이 항공방제에 적합해야하는 등 선결 요인이 무척이나 많다. 논에 발생하는 잡초를 방제할 목적으로 환경친화적 생력형 macro granule(GG) 제초제를 개발하였다. 무인헬기를 이용한 벼 작형별 잡초방제효과 및 벼에 대한 생육특성을 조사하고, 주변작물에 미치는 영향을 평가하였던 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. GG의 무인헬기살포효과는 담수직파시험에서 93.6~96.6%의 방제효과를 보였는데, 손제초구와 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 수량은 손제초구와 약제처리구가 각각 $4,700kg\;ha^{-1}$, $4,450\sim4,670kg\;ha^{-1}$로 비슷하였다. 기계 이앙시험에서는 시험약제 모두 92.7~97.3%의 방제효과를 보였다. 무인헬기살포와 손제초구의 수량은 각각 $5,270\sim5,520kg\;ha^{-1}$, $5,730kg\;ha^{-1}$로 큰 차이는 없었다. 또한 GG살포가 주변작물에 미치는 영향을 보면 액상 제형과 GG가 직접살포되었을 때 배추, 상추, 오이, 고추, 콩, 들깨에 생육억제, 황변, 낙엽 등의 증상이 나타났으며, 일부 개체는 고사하였는데 이것은 무인 헬기를 이용한 약제 살포의 문제점을 시사한 것으로 무인헬기 살포시 주변작물에 약액이 비산되지 않도록 주의가 필요 할 것으로 사료된다. 향후 사용 약제의 선택, 시기, 주변 작물의 종류 등을 감안 한 주도면밀한 연구가 반드시 필요하다고 생각된다. 본 연구의 결과 무인헬기를 이용한 제초제 살포는 우리나라의 농업이 처해진 여건상 새로운 대안이 될 수 있다고 보여지며 이에 대한 체계적인 연구가 더욱 심도 있게 수행되어야 한다고 생각된다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제23권4호통권75호
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• pp.285-297
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• 1995

영지의 균사체를 분획화하여 ${\beta}-glucan$성 다당류인 ganoderan을 분리한 결과, 12%의 균체외성, 13%의 세포질성, 그리고 75%의 세포벽성 분획으로 각각 수획되었다. 각각의 분획들은 추출 부위와는 상관없이 포도당을 가장 많이 포함하고 있었으며, ${\beta}-glucan$의 특정을 지닌 다당류이었다. Ganoderan의 구성당 및 구성 아미노산은 균사체 추출부위에 따라 상이한 비율을 나타내었다. 이들의 생리적 활성을 검색한 결과, 항 보체 활성은 균체외성이며 수용성인 EXO-WS 분획이 38%로 가장 우수하였으며, 세포벽에서 추출한 알칼리 가용성이며 수용성인 CW-AS-WS 분획이 37%를 나타내었다. 항암활성은 CW-AS-WS 분획이 가장 우수하였으며 94%의 종양 억제율을 보였다. CW-AS-WS 는 평균 분자량 20kD로 80% 의 포도당으로 이루어진 ${\beta}-glucan$성 다당류이다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the atmospheric heavy metal concentrations in the particulate matter inside the subway stations of Seoul. In particular, we examined the correlation between the heavy metals and studied the effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation. In six selected subway stations in Seoul, particulate matter was captured at the platforms and 11 types of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of iron was the highest out of the heavy metals in particulate matter, followed by copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, nickel, sodium, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium in that order. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the heavy metals was highest in the following order: (Cu vs Zn), (Ca vs Na), (Ca vs Mn), (Ni vs Cr), (Na vs Mn), (Cr vs Cd), (Zn vs Cd), (Cu vs Cd), (Ni vs Cd), (Cu vs Ni), (K vs Zn), (Cu vs K), (Cu vs Cr), (K vs Cd), (Zn vs Cr), (K vs Ni), (Zn vs Ni), (K vs Cr), and (Fe vs Cu). The correlation coefficient between zinc and copper was 0.937, indicating the highest correlation. Copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cadmium, which are generated from artificial sources in general, showed correlations with many of the other metals and the correlation coefficients were also relatively high. The effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation was also investigated in this study. Cultured cell was exposed to 10 mg/l or 100 mg/l of iron, copper, calcium, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium for 24 hours. The cell proliferation in all the heavy metal-treated groups was not inhibited at 10 mg/l of the heavy metal concentration. The only exception to this was with the cadmium-treated group which showed a strong cell proliferation inhibition. This study provides the fundamental data for the understanding of simultaneous heavy metal exposure tendency at the time of particulate matter exposure in subway stations and the identification of heavy metal sources. Moreover, this study can be used as the fundamental data for the cell toxicity study of the subway-oriented heavy metal-containing particulate matter.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.249-258
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• 2013

눈꽃 동충하초(PJ), 번데기 동충하초(CM), cordycepin 고함유 번데기 동충하초($CM{\alpha}$)의 수용성, 에탄올 및 메탄올 추출물의 생리활성 물질 분석과 항산화 활성(DPPH free radical scavenging 활성, Cu/Fe-환원력, 간 조직 microsome 생체막 및 linoleic acid 과산화지질, Tyrosinase 저해활성, 혈전용해효소 활성)을 측정하였다. PJ의 수용성추출물 수율 42.53%이며 폴리페놀 화합물 함량 2.72% 및 플라보노이드 함량 1.73%로 가장 높았고 PJ, CM, $CM{\alpha}$의 주요 지방산 성분으로 palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid였으며, 주요 미네랄은 K, Mg 및 Ca으로 나타났다. DPPH free radical scavenging 활성, Cu/Fe-환원력, linoleic acid의 과산화 지질 측정, Tyrosinase 저해 활성에 의한 여러 항산화 활성은 PJ가 가장 높았지만 $CM{\alpha}$가 CM보다는 항산화 활성이 높은 것을 확인했다. 또한 간 조직 microsome 생체막 지질 과산화 억제활성은 $CM{\alpha}$가 가장 활성이 좋았고 혈전 용해효소 활성에서도 $CM{\alpha}$가 높은 혈전 분해능이 있는 것을 확인하여 향후 건강기능식품이나 기능성 화장품, 혈전용해효소 개발 관련 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되어 진다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.369-374
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• 2014

Zespri green kiwi의 무기질은 K, P, Ca 순으로 많았으며, 아미노산은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine 순으로 많이 함유되어 있었다. 지방산 함량은 a-linolenic acid, oleic acid 순으로 많이 함유되어 있었으며, 유리당은 fructose 함량이 가장 높았다. Vitamin C와 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량은 각각 29.21 mg/100 g, $1.35{\mu}g/100g$이었다. Total phenolics는 n-hexane 분획물이 11.83 mg GAE/g으로 가장 높았으며, ABTS radical 소거활성 및 지질 과산화 억제활성에서는 농도 의존적으로 in vitro 항산화 활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 oxidative stress에 대한 신경세포 보호효과 역시 농도의존적 경향을 보여주었다. 본 연구 결과를 종합해볼 때, 생리활성 소재로서의 phenolics를 함유한 kiwi fruit (A.deliciosa)는 in vitro 항산화 활성과 함께 신경세포 보호효과를 기초로 한 고부가 가치 건강지향식품 소재로서의 활용가치가 높다고 판단된다.