• Title/Summary/Keyword: influence diagrams

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Influence of Temperature on the Treatment Efficiency of Chlorinated Organic Substances in Groundwater by Permeable Reactive Barrier (염소계 유기화합물로 오염된 지하수의 반응성 투과 벽체 처리 효율에 대한 온도의 영향)

  • Kim, Sun-Hye;Kim, Eun-Zi;Kim, Dong-Su
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.175-183
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    • 2014
  • The influence of temperature on the treatment efficiency of chlorinated organic substances contained in groundwater by permeable reactive barrier which is composed of $Fe^{\circ}$ has been investigated by constructing the Pourbaix diagrams for Fe-$H_2O$ system at different temperatures based on thermodynamic estimation. In aerobic condition, the equilibrium potentials for $Fe^{\circ}/Fe^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}/Fe^{3+}$ were observed to increase, therefore, the dechlorination reaction for organic pollutants by $Fe^{\circ}$ was considered to decline with temperature due to the diminished oxidation of reactive barrier. The result for the variations of the ionization fraction of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$ ion in the pH range of 0 ~ 2.5 obtained by employing Visual MINTEQ program showed that the ionization fraction of $Fe^{2+}$ increased with pH, however, that of $Fe^{3+}$ decreased symmetrically and the extent of the variation of ionization fraction for both ions was raised as temperature rises. The equilibrium pH for $Fe^{3+}/Fe(OH)_3$ was examined to decrease with temperature so that the treatment efficiency of chlorinated organic substance was expected to decrease with temperature due to the enhanced formation of passivating film in aerobic condition. The change of the reactivity of a specific chemical species with temperature was defined quantitatively based on the area of its stable region in Pourbaix diagram and depending on this the reactivity of $Fe^{3+}$ was shown to decrease with temperature, however, that of $Fe(OH)_3$ was decreased monotonously as temperature is raised for $Fe^{3+}/Fe(OH)_3$ equilibrium system. In anaerobic condition, the equilibrium potential for $Fe^{\circ}/Fe^{2+}$ was observed to rise and the equilibrium pH for $Fe^{2+}/Fe(OH)_2$ were examined to decrease as temperature increases, therefore, similar to that for aerobic condition the efficiency of the dechlorination reaction for organic substances was considered to be diminished when temperature rises because of the reduced oxidation of $Fe^{\circ}$ and increased formation of $Fe(OH)_2$ passivating film.

Geochemical Characteristics of the Outer-Shelf Muddy Sediments in the East China Sea (동중국해 외대륙붕해역 니질퇴적물의 지화학적 특성)

  • Youn, Jeung-Su;Byun, Jong-Cheol;Kim, Yeo-Sang
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.198-208
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    • 2006
  • To investigate the provenance of outer-shelf mud patch in the East China Sea, the geochemical compositions were analyzed and compared with those of Chinese rivers sediments. The mud sedimentary facies are distributed in the central region and sandy mud facies are also widely distributed around the study area. The major elements (Fe, Mg, K, Ti, and Mn) show strong positive correlation with Al, and trace elements also indicate the same characteristics; hence, clay minerals are likely to be the promising host for those elements. The high concentration of Fe, Ti, and Mn elements are found in the western middle part near the Changjiang estuary, indicating that it seems to result from the influence of the Changjiang River. Elemental ratios including Sc/Al, Ti/Nb, Th/Sc, Cr/Th, Nb/Co, and Th/U were thus used as provenance indicators to identify the sediment origins of the East China Sea. The discrimination diagrams clearly show that most of the sediment in the northern part are originated from the Huanghe River, while the muddy sediments in the western part near the Changjiang estuary might come from the Changjiang River, suggesting that the outer-shelf muddy sediments of East China Sea are originated from diverse sources.

Effect of Process Variables on System Parameters in Extrusion Cooking of Corn Grit by Twin Screw Extruder (옥분 압출가공시 이축압출성형기의 운전조건에 따른 System Parameters의 변화)

  • Kim, Ji-Yong;Kim, Chong-Tai;Kim, Chul-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.81-87
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    • 1991
  • To examine the effect of the individual operational variables on extrusion process, test trials of the fractional factorial design of the three process variables at three levels, including feed rate, screw speed and die openings, were carried out by using a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder with three different screw configuration for corn grit with the water addition fixed at 15% of the powder feed rate. As the increase of feed rate, while extrusion temperature(ET), specific mechanical energy input (SME), and residence time(RT) were showed the tendency to decrease, extrusion pressure(EP) was increased and as the increase of screw speed, ET, SME and EP were showed the tendency to increase, but RT was decreased. However, as increase the number of die hole, all system parameters were showed the tendency to decrease. The influence of the change in each process parameters was increased as the increase of the number of reverse element in screw configuration. In case of using the screw configuration with increasing number of reverse element at the condition of same process parameters, ET, SME and RT was increased, but EP was decreased. The functional relationships of the system parameters to the process parameters can be quantified by using multiple regression equations(mostly R-sq>0.90) and maped on suface response diagrams to expedite evaluation.

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Finding Hazard Factors by New Risks on Maritime Safety in Korea

  • Park, Deuk-Jin;Park, Seong-Bug;Yang, Hyeong-Sun;Yim, Jeong-Bin
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.278-285
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    • 2016
  • The key features of maritime accidents are the change of their attributes by new risks from time to time. To prevent maritime accidents in Korea, the impacts by new risks on domestic safety environments should be identified or predicted. The purpose of this paper is to find the hazard factors by new risks on maritime safety in Korea. The meaning of new risks is the elements of accident hazard which is compiled from new or rare or unprecedented events in the worldwide maritime transportations. The problems of new risks are the lacks of optimum countermeasures to mitigate accident risks. Using the questionnaires with 152 event scenarios classified by 20 accident causes, the hazard identification and risk analysis of new risks was performed based on the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) by IMO. A total of 22 Influence Diagrams, which is to depict the transit flows between accident causes to consequences, is used in the construction of 152 event scenarios. A total of 20 accidents causes is the same contents as the causation factors represented in Statistical Year Book for Maritime Accidents of Korean Maritime Safety Tribunals. After defining the evaluation equations to the response results of questionnaires by 46 experts, the work for risk analysis is carried out. As results from the analysis of 152 scenarios, it is known that the root cause to affect on maritime safety in Korea is the pressure of business competition and it led to the lacks of well experienced crews, the overload of vessel operations and crew's fatigue. In addition, as results from the analysis of 20 accident causes, the three accident causes are to be candidate as main issues in Korea such as the inadequate preparedness of departure, the neglecting of watch keeping in bridge and the inadequate management of ship operations. All of the results are thought to be as basic hazard factors to safety impediments. It is thus found that the optimum Risk Control Options to remove the hazard factors and to mitigate consequences required are the following two factors: business competition and crewing problems.

Awareness of Reality and Tradition in Oh Yun's Theory of Arts during His Final Period(1984~86) - Review on the Text of "Expansion of Artistic Imagination and World" (오윤의 말기(1984~86) 예술론에서의 현실과 전통 인식 - "미술적 상상력과 세계의 확대"에 대한 텍스트 검토)

  • Park, Ca-Rey
    • The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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    • no.6
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    • pp.101-121
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    • 2008
  • An artist, Oh Yun(1946~86)'s theory of people's art during his final period is summed up in his essay 'Expansion of Artistic Imagination and World' (1985). Emphasizing the mystic and traditional characteristics of Oh Yun's artistic oeuvre during his final period, some critics focus on Oh Yun's experience of medical treatment and shamanistic custom at Jin Do island, and his belief in Jeung San Do, the dao of Jeung-san, the Ruler of the Universe. However, they forget the practical intention and implication of his theory of art during his final period, which aimed to overcome the contradiction of revelation itself. Oh Yun's essay criticized the loss of artistic imagination and the ignorance of traditional culture that resulted from the elevation of science to a religion, and insisted that the stereotyped idealism, scientism and elitism in art should be overcome in order to recover the full reality in realism and to continue traditional cultures. The essay is comprised of 18 paragraphs. Oh Yun criticized monochromatic art, conceptual art, hyper-realistic art, objet d'art, and neo-dadaist art, saying that they were simply mechanical forms of modern art derived from scientism and a fetishistic lens culture. In addition, he criticized naturalism in art, which had continued as a tendency in the development of western art, for the same reason. He pointed out that even the world of realism had been diminished by elite stereotypes and diagrams. He declared the need to overcome the imitation of shells or stereotyped propaganda, and recover full realism, which seems to have started with a reflective examination of current problems in 'Reality and Utterance', in which he participated. Especially, he thought that universality and the extension of full realism could be achieved by building on the views of traditional cultures, which is meaningful. This logic is same as the theory of epic theatre that Bertolt Brecht(1898~1956) has developed under the ancient Greek masque and Pieter Bruegel the Elder(1525~69)'s story-like picture style. The universality of realism and the extension of acquisition to include incantation art, rather than move toward incantation art, is what Oh Yun intended to propose in 'Artistic Imagination'. This attitude is same as Bertoh Brecht's aesthetic viewpoint in the 1930s. But regrettably, Oh Yun's style wording, which seems covert and far-sighted, is often misunderstood as 'mysticism'. In the flow of people's art in the 1980s, Oh Yun was a traditionalist in a narrow sense, and an realist in a broad sense. However, his critical mind, which comprehends tradition and reality, was attempting to expand universality and extend full realism, and this attempt found many sympathizers and had an influence on the next generation of people's artists, such as "Levee" which is field-centered, to which we should pay attention. This means that while their works thought about 'tradition', we should be careful not to connect them with 'aesthetic conservatism' or 'classical art'. This is the why the meaning of Oh Yun's theory of art during his final period should be closely examined again.

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Significance of Estuarine Mixing in Distribution of Bacterial Abundance and Production in the Estuarine System of the Mankyung river and Dongjin River, Korea (만경강 및 동진강 하구의 박테리아 개체수와 생산량 분포에 있어서의 하구 혼합 (estuarine mixing)의 중요성)

  • CHO, BYUNG CHEOL;SHIM, JAE HYUNG
    • 한국해양학회지
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.154-163
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    • 1992
  • Bacterial abundance, production, and environmental parameters were investigated three times to study distribution of bacterial variables and to examine how estuarine mixing would influence the distribution of bacterial variables in the euphotic zone of the estuarine system of the Mankyung river and Dongjin river during a period of October, 1990-August, 1991. Although a limited number of investigations were made, bacterial abundance and production showed large variations from 0.4 to 5.8${\times}$10/SUP 9/ 1/SUP -1/ and from 0.1 to 22.2 ug C 1/SUP -1/ d/SUP -1/, respectively. The wide ranges of bacterial variables indicated very dynamic changes in conditions of bacterial growth in the estuary. Interestingly, bacterial abundance substantially increased with depth in most stations f shallow depth. but bacterial production remarkably decreased with depth. We propose that the observed distribution of bacterial abundance and production would be explained by estuarine mixing in the estuary. Analyses of mixing diagrams showed that estuarine mixing would mix conservatively bacteria and bacterial production. Further, estuarine mixing often seemed to cause an increase in bacterial abundance and reduction of bacterial production presumably due to resuspension of sediment. This suggests that roles of estuarine mixing would be significant in the distribution of bacterial abundance and production, and thus in biogeochemical cycles in the estuary.

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Analysis of Breakdown Characteristics by Lane Interaction at Freeway Merging Area with a View of Time and Space (차로별 교통류 상호영향에 따른 고속도로 합류부 교통와해 특성 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Sang-Gu;Kim, Yeong-Chun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.25 no.2 s.95
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    • pp.73-81
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this paper is to perform a basic study on the interaction between lanes, which can be achieved through analyzing traffic breakdown at the microscopic level. Using aerial photographic data for the microscopic analysis, this study analyzed the characteristics of traffic flow at a merging area. This research produced aggregated traffic data such as flows, speeds, and densities in 30 second intervals by lane for the macroscopic analysis and individual headway data by lane for the microscopic analysis. The paper contains an analysis of lane characteristics through flows, speeds, densities, and headway variations and also investigates the influence of ramp flows on mainline flows with space-time diagrams. Firstly, the merging area in this study is divided into three sections: before-merging, during-merging, and after-merging. The transition process was analyzed at each lane. Secondly, the breakdown was observed in detail with data divided in 50-foot units. The breakdown was checked through the relationships between ramp and freeway mainline flows, various techniques were proposed to analyze the breakdown, and the formation of breakdown was introduced as three stages in this study. In the near future, the findings of this study could contribute to determining the dynamic capacity on freeways by easily understanding changeable traffic breakdown patterns over time and space.

Comparison of Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in the Southern Area and the Northwestern Area, Pusan (부산 남부지역 지하수와 서북부지역 지하수의 수리화학적 특성 비교)

  • 함세영;조명희;성익환;이병대;조병욱;심형수
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.140-151
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    • 1999
  • Groundwater samples from the southern area composed of andesitic rocks and the northwestern area composed of granite in Pusan city, have been collected and analyzed. According to the Piper diagram. groundwater in the southern area belongs to Ca$\^$2+/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ and Ca$\^$2+/-(Cl$\^$-/+SO$_4$$\^$2-/) types, and that in the northwestern area mostly belongs to Ca$\^$2+/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type and partly Na$\^$+/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type. Two factors (factor 1 and factor 2) were obtained from the result of the factor analysis in the southern area. Factor 1, consisting of Mg$\^$2+/, Ca$\^$2+/, Cl$\^$-/, SO$_4$$\^$2-/, NH$_4$$\^$+/, EC and NO$_3$$\^$-/ is represented by the dissolution of Ca-plagioclase and calcite, and the influence of anthropogenic sources. Factor 2, consisting of K$\^$+/, Na$\^$+/. SiO$_2$, SO$_4$$\^$2-/, and HCO$_3$$\^$-/ is mainly represented by the dissolution of feldspar. Three factors were obtained from the result of the factor analysis in the northwestern area Factor 1, consisting of Na$\^$+/, K$\^$+/, NH$_4$$\^$+/, Cl$\^$-/, SO$_4$$\^$2-/ and NO$_3$$\^$-/ explains dissolution of plagioclase and mica, the influence of anthropogenic sources and salt water. Factor 2, consisting of Ca$\^$2+/ and HCO$_3$$\^$-/ explains the dissolution of Ca-plagioclase. Factor 3, consisting of Mg$\^$2+/ and SiO$_2$, explains the dissolution of silicate minces. and contaminants. Based on the phase stability diagrams, groundwater both in the southern and in the northwestern area is mostly in equilibrium with kaolinite. Cl$\^$-/ with respect to Na$\^$+/, Ca$\^$2+/, Mg$\^$2+/, K$\^$+/, SO$_4$$\^$2-/ and HCO$_3$$\^$-/ indicates that both the northwestern area and the southern area are influenced by the salt water.

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Analysis of Health Functional Foods Advertisements Effects according to the Delivery Tool for Efficacy Information and Consumers' Attitudes (기능성 정보 전달 방법 및 소비자 태도에 따른 건강기능식품 광고 효과 분석)

  • Lee, Yeonkyung;Kim, Ji Yeon;Kwon, Oran;Hwang, In-Kyeong
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.835-848
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study was to find efficient and customized tools for delivering the benefit of health functional foods (HFFs). Delivery tools which could influence the impact of advertising were images, explanations of ingredients, diagrams of health benefit, patents, and comments from authority. Six advertisements were developed using these tools: "A": relevant image + explanation of ingredients + scientific diagram of efficacy; "B": relevant image + explanation of ingredients; "C": relevant image; "D": irrelevant image; "E": irrelevant image + explanation of ingredient + patent; "F": irrelevant image + explanation of ingredient + comments from authority. To analyze the consumer perceptions on HFFs and advertisement effects, 300 respondents were requested to answer a questionnaire comprising of the following questions: 5 questions of attitudes (necessity of HFFs, trust in HFFs, gathering information, watching advertisements and trust in advertisement claims) and 6 questions on the 6 developed advertisements (attention, understanding, sufficiency of information, sympathy, trust, and purchase). Scoring was done as per the 5 Likert scale. There was a higher proportion of females and the elderly, as compared to males and youngsters. The overall consumer attitudes were positive. Explanation of ingredients, scientific diagram of health benefit, patents and expert comments were helpful factors in increasing the advertisement evaluation by consumer, but the images were not. Advertisement evaluation of consumer did not differ with gender and age. However, differences were observed between some of the consumer attitudes (necessity of HFFs, trust in HFFs, gathering information and trust in advertisements claim) and advertisement evaluations (attention, understanding, sympathy and purchase). Our results indicate that for consumers utilizing the HFFs, advertisements with concrete tools such as diagrams, patent, and expert comments are more helpful. However, for consumers who do not have interest in HFFs, the scientific information was irrelevant. We believe that to maximize the effect of health information in advertisements, consumers should be segmented, and customized tools for each segment needs to be developed.

The Effects of Self-regulatory Resources and Construal Levels on the Choices of Zero-cost Products (자아조절자원 및 해석수준이 공짜대안 선택에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Jinyong;Im, Seoung Ah
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.55-76
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    • 2012
  • Most people prefer to choose zero-cost products they may get without paying any money. The 'zero-cost effect' can be explained with a 'zero-cost model' where consumers attach special values to zero-cost products in a different way from general economic models (Shampanier, Mazar and Ariely 2007). If 2 different products at the regular prices of ₩200 and ₩400 simultaneously offer ₩200 discounts, the prices will be changed to ₩0 and ₩200, respectively. In spite of the same price gap of the two products after the ₩200 discounts, people are much more likely to select the free alternative than the same product at the price of ₩200. Although prior studies have focused on the 'zero-cost effect' in isolation of other factors, this study investigates the moderating effects of a self-regulatory resource and a construal level on the selection of free products. Self-regulatory resources induce people to control or regulate their behavior. However, since self-regulatory resources are limited, they are to be easily depleted when exerted (Muraven, Tice, and Baumeister 1998). Without the resources, consumers tend to become less sensitive to price changes and to spend money more extravagantly (Vohs and Faber 2007). Under this condition, they are also likely to invest less effort on their information processing and to make more intuitive decisions (Pocheptsova, Amir, Dhar, and Baumeister 2009). Therefore, context effects such as price changes and zero cost effects are less likely in the circumstances of resource depletion. In addition, construal levels have profound effects on the ways of information processing (Trope and Liberman 2003, 2010). In a high construal level, people tend to attune their minds to core features and desirability aspects, whereas, in a low construal level, they are more likely to process information based on secondary features and feasibility aspects (Khan, Zhu, and Kalra 2010). A perceived value of a product is more related to desirability whereas a zero cost or a price level is more associated with feasibility. Thus, context effects or reliance on feasibility (for instance, the zero cost effect) will be diminished in a high level construal while those effects may remain in a low level construal. When people make decisions, these 2 factors can influence the magnitude of the 'zero-cost effect'. This study ran two experiments to investigate the effects of self-regulatory resources and construal levels on the selection of a free product. Kisses and Ferrero-Rocher, which were adopted in the prior study (Shampanier et al. 2007) were also used as alternatives in Experiments 1 and 2. We designed Experiment 1 in order to test whether self-regulatory resource depletion will moderate the zero-cost effect. The level of self-regulatory resources was manipulated with two different tasks, a Sudoku task in the depletion condition and a task of drawing diagrams in the non-depletion condition. Upon completion of the manipulation task, subjects were randomly assigned to one of a decision set with a zero-cost option (i.e., Kisses ₩0, and Ferrero-Rocher ₩200) or a set without a zero-cost option (i.e., Kisses ₩200, and Ferrero-Rocher ₩400). A pair of alternatives in the two decision sets have the same price gap of ₩200 between a low-priced Kisses and a high-priced Ferrero-Rocher. Subjects in the no-depletion condition selected Kisses more often (71.88%) over Ferrero-Rocher when Kisses was free than when it was priced at ₩200 (34.88%). However, the zero-cost effect disappeared when people do not have self-regulatory resources. Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate whether constual levels influence the magnitude of the 'zero-cost effect'. To manipulate construal levels, 4 different 'why (in the high construal level condition)' or 'how (in the low construal level condition)' questions about health management were asked. They were presented with 4 boxes connected with downward arrows. In a box at the top, there was one question, 'Why do I maintain good physical health?' or 'How do I maintain good physical health?' Subjects inserted a response to the question of why or how they would maintain good physical health. Similar tasks were repeated for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th responses. After the manipulation task, subjects were randomly assigned either to a decision set with a zero-cost option, or to a set without it, as in Experiment 1. When a low construal level is primed with 'how', subjects chose free Kisses (60.66%) more often over Ferrero-Rocher than they chose ₩200 Kisses (42.19%) over ₩400 FerreroRocher. On contrast, the zero-cost effect could not be observed any longer when a high construal level is primed with 'why'.

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