• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2017

Objectives: The accurate measurement of geographic patterns of health care utilization is a prerequisite for the study of geographic variations in health care utilization. While several measures have been developed to measure how accurately geographic units reflect the health care utilization patterns of residents, they have been only applied to hospitalization and need further evaluation. This study aimed to evaluate geographic indices describing health care utilization. Methods: We measured the utilization rate and four health care utilization indices (localization index, outflow index, inflow index, and net patient flow) for eight major procedures (coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, surgery after hip fracture, knee replacement surgery, caesarean sections, hysterectomy, computed tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging scans) according to three levels of geographic units in Korea. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance database in Korea. We evaluated the associations among the health care utilization indices and the utilization rates. Results: In higher-level geographic units, the localization index tended to be high, while the inflow index and outflow index were lower. The indices showed different patterns depending on the procedure. A strong negative correlation between the localization index and the outflow index was observed for all procedures. Net patient flow showed a moderate positive correlation with the localization index and the inflow index. Conclusions: Health care utilization indices can be used as a proxy to describe the utilization pattern of a procedure in a geographic unit.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.97-105
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• 1998

The goal of the present research was to develop a mean to determine indices of drought warning and emergency necessary to manage drought and establish water supply contingency plan for the municipal and industrial water supply system in urban areas. To do this, we worked on the Sayun catchment which is the main water source of Ulsan and used measured hydrologic data (storage, inflow, supply, outflow) from 1980 to 1996. The indices of drought calculated by the method of Phillips drought index based only on monthly precipitation do not pertinently represent drought phenomena in case water supply is from dam or reservoir in an urban area. Therefor, we developed the drought index technique including inflow, storage, outflow and supply which are the chief factors of drought management. The result showed that the method of Phillips drought index considering the capacity of water supply was excellent when applied to practical drought phenomena.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.390-403
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• 1988

The objectives of the study were to provide the basic informations needed in the development of balanced medical services throughout the nation. As the national health care system was expanding rapidly along with the economic growth, quantitative re-evaluation of the system is of great need. For that reason, characteristics of the admitted patients were analyzed for the case-mix and patients' flow within and through regions. Materials were 421,530 cases of inpatients, who were reported through Korea Medical Insurance Corporation(KMIC) for insurance claim, during the period of March 1, 1985 through February 28, 1987. Korean Diagnosis Related Groups(K-DRGs) classification system was adopted for the study of case-mix and 189 cities and counties were classified into 5 district groups by factor analysis results of K-DRGS. The major findings of this study were as follows ; 1) Factor analysis of case-mix, employing K-DRG system, revealed 5 distinct funtional district groups. Group A(18 districts) was prominent for tertiary medical care. In group B(36 districts), rather simple procedures were prevalent. Group C(26 districts) was distinctive for the medical care of well organized internal medicine practices with qualified clinical laboratories. Group D(17 districts) was characterized by relatively high balanced medical care. Group E (92 districts) was with very low level of medical care. 2) Analysis of the case-flow through the districts showed 3 types of flow patterns : inflow, outflow, and balanced types. Inflow type of case-flow was found in Group A, C and D while Group B and E showed outflow type. Inflow was most prominent in Group A and Group E was of typical outflow type. Group B was consistently the outflow type except for Major Diagnostic Category XX regardless of the disease treaters, but Group C and D were inflow or outflow types according to the disease tracers.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.126-131
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• 2020

This study analyzed the inflow and outflow patterns of emergency department patients, to identify changes in regional types in cities, counties, and districts in Jeonlado, Korea. Data of areas in Jeonlado for 2014 to 2018 were extracted from the National Emergency Department Information System. The extracted data includes the patients' and emergency medical institution addresses, which were used to calculate the relevance index (RI) and commitment index (CI). The calculated indices were classified into regional types by applying cluster analysis. A non-parametric method, Kruskal-Wallis test, was employed to examine the differences between years for RI and CI by regional types. The results of cluster analysis using the relevance and commitment indices revealed three regional types. Regions in cluster 1 were classified as outflow type, in cluster 2 as inflow type, and in cluster 3 as self-sufficient. RI and CI were calculated for each cluster or regional type. There were no significant differences between years in cluster 2 (inflow type) and cluster 3 (self-sufficient type). In cluster 1 (outflow type), there were no significant differences in CI between the years; however, there were significant differences in RI between 2014 and 2017, and 2014 and 2018. It is difficult to see that the emergency medical environment has improved due to the increased concentration of emergency medical care.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.296-303
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• 2004

The heat and flow characteristics in a single-phase parallel-flow heat exchanger was examined numerically to obtain its optimal shape. A response surface method was introduced to approximately predict its performance with respect to the design parameters over the design domain. The inflow/outflow angle of the working fluid, the location of inlet/outlet, the protruding height of flat tube and the height of header were chosen as a design parameter The evaluation of the relative importance of the design parameters was performed based on a sensitivity analysis. An efficiency index was used as an evaluation characteristics value to simultaneously consider both the heat transfer and the pressure drop. The efficiency index of the optimum model, compared to that of the base model, was increased by 9.3%.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.59-77
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate on several factors, which contaminative the water quality through the water pipe during feeding water, in 42 largescaled apart-ments(total 84 cases) and assayed the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) and concen-tration of heavy metals that inflow and outflow in reservior water in Jeonnam area(Mokpo, Suncheon, Yeosu) from January 1999 to December 1999. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The quality of the water pipe composition in the order of frequency in the quality of water pipes were Copper(45.2%)> Zinc(38.9%)> Stainless steel(9.5%)> PVC(4.8%)> PM(2.4%) in observing 42 sites. All of the drain pipes were used the cast iron quality. 2. The result of certification curve from 12 items(17kind) of VOCs was $1.0-4.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ range, a coefficient of correlation was shown 0.99 over. A MDL of each substance range was within $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$. 3. The result of the assay, 5 kinds(Viny chloride, Dichloromethane, Ethylbenzene, M,P-xylene, Styrene) of the VOCs of 14 kinds was not detected and the other items were detected slightly. The detection rate of one item and over in total VOCs samples, were 25.9% in inflow and 27.9% in outflow. And frequency of detect in inflow/outflow of THM(Chloroform, Bromodichloro-methane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform) were shown higher than 94.1%, 97.0% each stages. It comes to the conclusion that all of the samples were reason able for drinking water standards. 4. The coefficient of correlation were reasonable, it shown 0.999 over in $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ of a measuring range conditions of 4kinds in organic substance(Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn). 5. The results were showed suitability in 78 cases(92.9%) and unsuitability in 6 cases (7.1%), in 84 cases of in organic substances. Compare to inflow stage, mean concentrations of heavy metal, were increased slightly in Zn, Cu, Fe except Mn than outflow stage. The result of the mean concentration in organic substance inflow and outflow in the apartment water tank using Pair-compared T-test, in 95% reliance index, were $0.179mg/{\ell}(0.151-0.307mg/{\ell})$ in Zinc, $0.136mg/{\ell}(0.113-0.230mg/{\ell})$ in Copper, $0.052mg/{\ell}(0.048-0.098mg/{\ell})$ in Fe, and there was a bit growing tendency but there was no differece in Mn. 6. The mean concentration of Copper which used Cu pipe as a water supply pipe in apartment were $0.216mg/{\ell}(0.161-0.338mg/{\ell})$ in case of the Zine pipe were $0.286mg/{\ell}(0.204-0.435mg/{\ell})$. It shows that the detection rate was more higher than the other material used in Cu or Zn as the water supply pipe. We supposed to Cu and Zn substance were gushing out water supply pipe.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1981

Phosphorus dynamics in terms of specific absorption rate, inflow and outflow rates. turnover rate, demand and supply, and utility index of a high yield Zea mays L. cv. Bokgyo field were evaluated using an analysis of successive production structures. The analysis was adopted for measuring quantitative changes in the population by stratified clip technique on every two weeks during the growing season. The seasonal trends of specific absorption rate (2. 4 mg P/g/day in maximum) and specific absorption efficiency (0. 03) closely correlated with that of relative growth rate of the population. The overall inflow and outflow of phosphorus was 3.41 g P/$m^2$/yr showing the maximum inflow of 2.99 g P/$m^2$/month in July. While the maximum phosphorus standing crop was 1.4 g P/$m^2$ showing the maximum turnover rate of 178% in late June. The accumulation of phosphorus along plant height declined monotonically in stems and roots but increased in foliage after heading. The proportions of the total annual demand of phosphorus were 24.4% for leaves, 22.5% for stems, 49.6% for fruits and 3.5% for roots. These demands were met with internal (18.2 %) and external (81.8 %) supplies. The seasonal highest phosphorus utility index was 1,091 in early June, while the average value was 655.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal and chemical stratification in Lake Paldang 2013-2018 weekly using Schmidt's stability index (SSI) and the index of chemical stratification (IC-i). The annual average for SSI was 19.1 g cm/㎠ with the maximum value of 45.3 g cm/㎠ in the summer and the minimum value of 4.8 g cm/㎠ in fall-winter showing seasonal differences as well as increased vertical mixing in the summer. The lake stability increased higher in 2016 as compared with the other period. The most influential factors of thermal stratification were temperature and heavy rainfall. Especially, high water temperature and a prolonged residence duration caused by reduced rainfall and inflows could result in an increase of the stratification period. While decreasing inflow and outflow at the end of the rainfall, the thermal stratification was restrengthened within 7-14 days, and then stabilized rapidly before the rainfall. IC-DO increased with high air temperature in the spring and fall-winter. However increasing sunshine duration and residence time and decreasing rate of outflow caused an increase of IC-DO in the summer. Rainfall (less than 800 mm/year) and discharge (less than 200 CMS) significantly declined in 2015 resulting in IC-DO (0.77) increased more than three times over the other years and bottom water hypoxia occurred. The SSI and IC-i used in this study could be applied to other lakes to understand changes in stratification and mixing dynamics.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 1975

The nitrogen economy and primary production of a Helianthus annuus "Manchurian" population were studied with special reference to the pattern of seasonal changes of vertical distributions of dry matter and nitrogen quantities, and its quantitative significance was discussed in relation to the pattern of the plant population growth, distribution ratios among organs, and turnover rates of dry matter and nitrogen. The population was established in plant density of 11.1plant/$m^2$ at the experimdntal field of Kyungpook National University, Daegu. During the period of population developemnt (April-September, 1973), the annual inflow rates and outflow rates of dry matter and nitrogen were 5560 gDM/$m^2$/year and 89 gN/$m^2$/year, respectively. The distribution ratios of dry matter and nitrogen to leaves were 28% and 45%, to stems 48% and 18%, to roots 13% and 5%, and to flowers and seeds 11% and 32%, respectively. The maximum turnover rates of inflow of dry matter and nitrogen were attained in May-June, and were 216%/month and 210%/month, respectively. The amount of nitrogen demand was 52gN/$m^2$/year (58%) for the foliage growth, 13 gN/$m^2$/year(15%) for the stem growth, 20 gN/$m^2$/year(23%) for the reproductive organs, and 4 gN/$m^2$/year(4%) for the growth of the underground parts. The amount of nitrogen supply by the nitrogen withdrawn from senescing leaves and stems was 25gN/$m^2$/year(28%) and the amount of nitrogen absorption by the root from the environmental soil was 64 gN/$m^2$/year(72%). The ratiio of the a mount of produced dry matter to that of assimilated nitrogen during a year was calculated for this annual plant population as 60, which can be used as the nitrogen utility index.ity index.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.525-538
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the habitat status and species diversity of benthic diatoms and estimate the applicability of TDI (Trophic Diatom Index) to obtain the basic data for the identification and management of created wetlands in the Nakdong River. We observed a total of 38 families and 173 species of benthic diatom during the survey period, and spring and autumn showed a similar number of species of 156 and 154, respectively. The result of the SOM (Self-Organizing Map) analysis showed that the distribution of benthic diatom was sensitive to environmental factors such as nutrient concentration and rainfall in each wetland. The cluster 1 was characterized by the survey sites of autumn mostly and consisted of points of high TDI, although the nutrients such as total phosphorus and total nitrogen were low, and the species number and abundance of diatoms were low. Conversely, cluster 4 was characterized by the survey sites of spring mostly and consisted of points of low TDI, even though total nitrogen was high. Considering that most of the created wetlands had the reduced inflow and outflow, the increased flow rate in the summer lowers nutrient values in autumn, and the species number and abundance of benthic diatom decreases due to the increase of turbidity, which reduces the light penetrations to the substrates. On the contrary, the TDI value is low in spring because the low water level causes insufficient substrate surface to the benthic diatoms, and it is too early for the establishment and development of saprophilous species. Although various studies have used TDI as an indicator for evaluating the habitat environment and water quality, it is not a good evaluation indicator in this study since the nutrient concentration in the wetlands mostly high as they have a low flow rate and are close to the stagnant area. Nevertheless, additional periodic surveys that comprehensively reflect the fact that the summer rainfall and inflow/outflow regulating function might affect the species diversity and distribution of benthic diatoms are necessary.