• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.428-433
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• 2001

Commercial buildings are the mostly common ones to be constructed along with residential buildings. After economic inflation, So-called 'IMF era', construction market has been running low because of stagnancy of business activities and cost escalation, Thus the construction industry needs a study of higher productivity by means of using information infrastructure. To deliver a database of commercial buildings construction record, their major management has carried out analysis for database components, in an attempt to meet users' needs. The scheme study of application presented cost and resource in construction lifecycle.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2007

The demand for solar electric power systems, namely, photovoltaic system has grown steadily in our country over the last 10 years. However, the main obstacle against using photovoltaic system is the financial viability especially concerned with initial cost. The other factors affecting the economic viability of photovoltaic system are cost of electric energy, amount of electric energy produced by the photovoltaic system, discount rate, energy cost escalation rate, inflation rate, project life, and so on. Therefore, this thesis studies on the effect of various relating factors on economic evaluation of photovoltaic system in residential building by calculating payback period.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2017

Background: There have been few studies about pain using a big data. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of pain, and trends of pain associated with chronic diseases and personal out-of-pocket medical expenditures over time. Methods: Subjects were 58,151 individuals, using the Korea Health Panel from 2009 to 2013. Chi-square and multinomial logistic regression were conducted to identify the prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) of pain. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to find the trend over these 5 years. Results: Prevalence of mild and severe pain was 28.1% and 1.7% respectively. The ORs of mild and severe pain were 1.6 and 1.4 in females compared with males. From 2009 to 2013, numbers of chronic diseases producing mild pain were 2.1, 2.4, 2.8, 2.9, and 3.1 and those producing severe pain were 3.0, 3.4, 3.9, 4.2, and 4.4, respectively. After applying the average South Korean inflation rate by year over 5 years, the annual, personal out-of-pocket medical expenditures (unit: ￦1,000) for mild pain were 322, 349, 379, 420, and 461, and those for severe pain were 331, 399, 504, 546, and 569, respectively (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The pain prevalence was 29.8%. The numbers of chronic diseases and the personal out-of-pocket medical expenditures revealed increasing trends annually, especially in those with pain. Therefore, to eliminate and alleviate the pain, there needs to be further study for developing a systemic approach.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.111-120
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop a ridge regression (RR) model to estimate BOD and TP load using runoff weighted value. The concept of runoff weighted value, based on distributed curve-number (CN), was introduced to reflect the impact of land covers on runoff. The estimated runoff depths by distributed CN were closer to the observed values than those by area weighted mean CN. The RR is a technique used when the data suffers from multicollinearity. The RR model was developed for five flow duration intervals with the independent variables of daily runoff discharge of seven land covers and dependent variables of daily pollutant load. The RR model was applied to Heuk river watershed, a subwatershed of the Han river watershed. The variance inflation factors of the RR model decreased to the value less than 10. The RR model showed a good performance with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73 and 0.87, and Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.88 and 0.93 for BOD and TP, respectively. The results suggest that the methods used in the study can be applied to estimate pollutant load of different land cover watersheds using limited data.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.5-13
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• 2013

Purpose - The study explores social well-being of the community of five selected countries of the South Asia: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh. The study compares effectiveness of macroeconomic policies across the countries through interactive effects of the macroeconomic policy variables with the regional dummy variables. Research design, data, and methodology - Using the data set for the period of 1990-2008, this study employs panel data models, quantile regression methods, and the fixed effects method, which the constant is treated as group or country-specific. The model can also be known as the least-squares dummy variables estimator. Results - The results reveal significant chances of improvement in the well-being of the people while living in India and Pakistan as compared to the other countries of the region where India relatively stands with better chances of providing opportunities to improve the well-being of the people. Conclusions - This study recommends an increasing allocation of budget on education and health in order to enhance social well-being in the South Asian region. Inflation is the main cause of deteriorating well-being of the South Asian community by escalating the cost of living. Comprehensive study is recommended by employing the micro data models in the region.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.161-173
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• 2020

This study examines the nonlinear relationship between financial development and economic growth in Pakistan using the threshold regression model for the period 1980-2017. We also employed quantile regression with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 quantiles of conditional distribution. The quantile regression is based on minimizing of sum of squared residuals. The result indicates that economic growth responds positively to financial development when the level of financial development surpasses the threshold value of 0.151. However, when financial development lies below the threshold value (that is, 0.151), its impact on economic growth is negative. Thus, when financial development of Pakistan surpasses the threshold level, it contributes more towards economic growth since greater level of financial development contributes more to boosts economic growth. This finding reveals that economic growth reacts differently to financial development, and the relationship between financial development and economic growth is U-shaped in Pakistan. Among the other variables, physical capital, labor force, and government expenditure exert a positive effect on economic growth. Furthermore, inflation rate and trade openness have an insignificant impact on economic growth. The results of quantile regression also confirm the non-linear relationship between financial development and economic growth in Pakistan. The finding of this study suggests revamping of financial sector policies in Pakistan.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.219-229
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• 2020

The study investigates the factors affecting the profitability of listed commercial banks in Vietnam. Survey data for this research were collected from 10 Vietnamese listed commercial banks for the period from 2008 to 2018. In the study, we have built a model of econometric regression with the dependent variable being listed commercial banks' profitability results measured through ROA. The research methods used include descriptive statistics, IV regression and OLS regression analysis, and the authors carried out the model verification with Stata 14 software. The results showed that operating efficiency, loans size, retail loans ratio, state ownership, inflation rate, and GDP growth are factors that have a positive impact on profitability On the other hand, variables such as capital size, credit risk, liquidity risk, bank size, and revenue diversification are statistically insignificant; hence, these variables are not statistically adequate to indicate the influence of those independent variables to banks' profitability. The findings of this study suggest that the quality of assets should be considered in the context that bad debt risks come from lending heavily to the real estate sector. Meeting Basel II's capital compliance requirements is relatively difficult for small listed commercial banks compared to bigger listed commercial banks in Vietnam.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.141-148
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• 2020

This paper analyzes factors affecting the debt maturity structure of enterprises listed on the Vietnam stock market. The panel data of research sample includes 549 non-financial listed enterprises on the Vietnam stock market from 2009 to 2019. The Generalized Least Square (GLS) tool is employed to address econometric issues and to improve the accuracy of the regression coefficients. In this research, debt maturity structure is the dependent variable. Capital structures, fixed assets, liquidity, firm size, asset maturity, profitability, corporate income tax, gross domestic product, inflation rate, credit growth scale are independent variables in the study. The model results show, that among the factors affecting the structure of debt maturity, the capital structure, asset structure, and firm size have the highest estimation coefficients, which shows that capital structure, asset structure, and firm size plays an important role in the decision-making process of debt maturity structure. The empirical results show that there are differences in the impact of these factors on the debt maturity structures in state-owned enterprises and non-state enterprises listed on the Vietnam stock market. The findings of this article are useful for business administrators, helping business managers make the right financial decisions to determine the target debt maturity structure in enterprises.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.369-376
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• 2020

Credit capital from customers' savings deposit (CSD) of banks has an important meaning in the business activities of the banking industry. There are many factors that influence the CSD satisfaction with banks. Certain changes have been made when there are fluctuations due to COVID-19. The article is based on an analysis assessing the factors that influence the CSD satisfaction of Vietnamese commercial banks in the context of COVID-19. The authors use a sample of 1,639 CSD. The results show that there are three variables that positively affect CSD satisfaction, including legal provisions of the Central bank (Legal), policies and mechanisms of commercial banks (Policy), and products of commercial banks (Product). Accordingly, in order to contribute to strengthening this capital mobilization of savings deposit, the Central bank of Vietnam needs to play a pivotal role in the regulations of the banking system to ensure its stability; control well monetary policy, interest rates, and inflation to keep a stable position in the economy; and provide timely financial support packages to enhance the confidence of CSD. Moreover, Vietnamese commercial banks need flexible policies and mechanisms to stimulate CSD; strengthen support on deposit rates for CSD; and diversify products to easily adapt to each CSD's situation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.120-125
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• 2002

The aim of this paper is to present suitable and applicable aspects for domestic and foreign conditions and strategies for modernizing a realizable communications network based on local characteristics in North Korea. Thus, the selection of an objective area, the collection of data, the analysis of characteristics of objective area, the prediction of demand and traffic and the establishment of methods for modernizing a synthetic communications network are necessary. But because a general communications inflation in North Korea is placed under primary stage, it is impossible to consider all things mentioned above. Therefore, in this paper, it is considered only basic strategies for modernizing communications network and established a structure of a conceptual communications network in the goal year.