• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.38-38
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• 1980

• 천문학회보
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.30-30
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• 2014

I will review the generation of B-mode polarization from gravitational waves and their implications for inflation in light of the recent detection by BICEP2.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.156-177
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• 1999

The current method of rate adjustment for inflation is based on the evaluation of the financial performance of hospitals. The method has the disadvantage such as too complicated, expensive process as well as low reliability. This study, therefore, develops the 'Korean Medical Insurance Economic Index(MIEI)' as a new model for the rate adjustment with the use of the macro economic indices. In addition, we calculate the 1992∼1998 rate adjustment with the MIEI, and examines the validity of the MIEI by comparing with the conventional method. Medical costs are classified into nine categories : physician salaries, nurse·pharmacist·medical technician salaries, assistants & others salaries, material cost(by imports), material cost(by domestics), depreciation & rent paid(by imports), depreciation & rent paid(by domestics), power utilities, other administrative costs. Then the category weight which is the ratio of category in the total cost is calculated. Macro economic indices are selected for each cost category in order to reflect the concept of the each cost category and inflation during the year of 1992∼1998. Finally MIEI which integrate all category according to the category weight and selected macro indices is calculated. The mean of hospital MIEI which weighting by amount paid by insurers was cacluated. The result from the application of empirical data to the MIEI model is very similar to that of the current method. Furthermore, this method is very simple and also easy to get social consensus. This MIEI model can be replaced the current method based on the analysis of the financial performance for the adjustment of medical fees.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.117-133
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• 2007

본 논문은 이자율 준칙에 근거하여 한국의 통화정책의 효율성을 인플레이션과 산출갭의 상대적 안정성을 중심으로 경험적으로 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 1991년 이후 한국의 주요 거시경제 변수를 설명할 수 있는 구조적 모형이 필요한데, 본고에서는 Ball(1999)의 모형과 유사한 소규모 개방경제모형을 도입한다. 모형의 추정결과, 한국 거시경제 변수를 비교적 잘 설명할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었고 추정된 모형을 바탕으로 이자율준칙의 범위 내에서 최적 통화정책을 도출하였다. 따라서 최적 이자율 준칙하에서의 인플레이션과 산출갭의 변동성을 실제 데이터와 비교할 수 있다. 실증적 분석의 결과, 중앙은행은 산출갭의 변동성보다 인플레이션의 변동성을 낮추는 데 상대적으로 더 효율적이었음을 알 수 있다. 이는 외환위기 이후 인플레이션이 실제 중앙은행의 목표범위 내에서 하락 안정세를 유지하였고 변동성도 상대적으로 크지 않았음을 고려해 볼 때 타당한 결과라고 해석할 수 있다. 그러나 최적 이자율 준칙과 비교해 볼 때 실제 추정된 이자율 준칙은 인플레이션에 대한 반응 정도가 매우 낮아 인플레이션의 안정성이 이자율 준칙이 효과적이었기 때문은 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 또한 인플레이션을 유발할 수 있는 실질환율 상승의 경우 이자율을 오히려 하락시킨 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 이론 및 최적 이자율 준칙과는 배치되는 결과이다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2008

As a preliminary effort to establish a data assimilative ocean forecasting system, we reviewed the theory of the Ensemble Kamlan Filter (EnKF) and developed practical techniques to apply the EnKF algorithm in a real ocean circulation modeling system. To verify the performance of the developed EnKF algorithm, a wind-driven double gyre was established in a rectangular ocean using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and the EnKF algorithm was implemented. In the ideal ocean, sea surface temperature and sea surface height were assimilated. The results showed that the multivariate background error covariance is useful in the EnKF system. We also tested the sensitivity of the EnKF algorithm to the localization and inflation of the background error covariance and the number of ensemble members. In the sensitivity tests, the ensemble spread as well as the root-mean square (RMS) error of the ensemble mean was assessed. The EnKF produces the optimal solution as the ensemble spread approaches the RMS error of the ensemble mean because the ensembles are well distributed so that they may include the true state. The localization and inflation of the background error covariance increased the ensemble spread while building up well-distributed ensembles. Without the localization of the background error covariance, the ensemble spread tended to decrease continuously over time. In addition, the ensemble spread is proportional to the number of ensemble members. However, it is difficult to increase the ensemble members because of the computational cost.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2008

In blood pressure measurement, the oscillometric method detects and analyzes the pulse pressure oscillation while deflating the cuff around the arm. For its principle, one has to inflate cuff pressure above the subject's systolic pressure and deflate below the diastolic pressure. Most of the commercialized devices inflate until the fixed target pressure and deflate until the fixed completion pressure because there is no way to know the systolic and diastolic pressure before measurement. Too high target pressure makes stress to the subject and too low target pressure makes big error or long measurement time because of re-inflation. There are similar problems for inadequate completion pressure. In this study, we suggest new algorithm to set proper target and completion pressure for each subject by analyzing pressure waveform while inflating period. We compared our proposed method and auscultation method to see the errors of estimation. The differences between the two measurements were -4.02$\pm$4.80mmHg, -10.50$\pm$10.57mmHg and -0.78$\pm$5.l7mmHg for mean arterial pressure, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure respectively. Consequently, we could set the target pressure by 30 mmHg higher than our estimation and we could stop at 20mmHg lower than our estimated diastolic pressure. Using this method, we could reduce the measurement time.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2021

Purpose - The global trend of protectionism has expanded since the onset of US President Donald Trump's administration in 2017. This global phenomenon has led to a significant reduction in world trade volume and a negative impact on economic development in some countries where the external sector accounts for a large proportion of GDP. Although Korea is a country vulnerable to this deteriorating trade environment, few studies have examined the relationship between protectionism and its business cycles based on Korean data. Thus, this paper investigates the impact of protectionism on Korea's business cycle. Design/methodology - To identify future implications, we conduct a structural vector autoregression (VAR) analysis using monthly Korean data from 1994 to 2015. Macroeconomic variables in the model include the industrial production index, inflation rates, exports (or net exports), interest rates, and exchange rates. For the identification of the shock reflecting the expansion of protectionism, we use an antidumping investigation (ADI) data. Since ADIs are followed generally by the imposition of antidumping tariffs, they have no contemporaneous impact on tariffs and are also contemporaneously exogenous to other endogenous variables in the VAR model. We examine two kinds of ADI shocks i) shocks on Korean exports imposed by Korea's trading partners (ADI-imposed shocks) and ii) shocks on imports imposed by the Korean government (ADI-imposing shocks). Findings - We find that Korea's exports decline sharply due to ADI-imposed shocks; the lowest point at the third month after the initial shock; and do not recover until 24 months later. Simultaneously, the inflation rate decreases. Therefore, the ADI-imposed shock can be regarded as a negative shock on the demand curve where both production and price decrease. In contrast, the ADI-imposing shock generates a different response. The net exports decline, but the inflation rate increases. These can be seen as standard responses with respect to the negative shock on the supply curve. Originality/value - We shed light on the relationship between protectionism and Korea's economic fluctuations, which is rarely addressed in previous studies. We also consider the effects of both protective policy measures on imports to Korea imposed by the Korean government and on policy measures imposed by Korea's trading partner countries on its exports.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.147-171
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• 2012

2000년 이후 오늘날에도 중국, 인도 등을 비롯한 신흥시장국의 경제규모가 날로 확대되면서 국제적으로 석유에 대한 수요가 크게 증가해온 반면 그 공급은 주요 산유국인 중동국가의 정세불안 등으로 차질이 발생하는 상황이 빈발함에 따라 스태그플레이션 위험은 항상 개연성이 높은 경제현상으로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 일반 사람들이 고유가가 지속되는 시기에 흔히 높은 인플레이션과 경기침체가 공존하는 현상을 스태그플레이션으로 쉽게 거론하더라도 스태그플레이션에 관한 학술적인 정의는 분명하지 않으며 현실적인 경제통계의 흐름을 보고 그러한 상황을 식별하기도 쉽지 않다. 본고에서는 경기국면으로서 스태그플레이션의 상황을 보다 구체적으로 정의한 연구사례들을 면밀히 살펴보고 월별로 조기에 입수 가능한 경제통계들을 종합하여 스태그플레이션의 상황을 체계적으로 식별할 수 있는 방법론을 제시하였다. 경기상황, 인플레이션 상황을 나타내는 월별 통계지표를 이용하여 스태그플레이션 상황을 나타내는 정도를 평가한 후 이 결과를 종합하여 스태그플레이션 종합지수를 산출하였다. 그 결과 한국에서 스태그플레이션 여부에 대한 논란이 많았던 2008년 상반기가 엄밀한 의미에서 스태그플레이션 상황은 아니었음을 규명하였다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.146-170
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• 2020

Purpose - This paper addresses the concepts of FDI-Trade-Growth nexus in Myanmar's economy and empirically investigates the interrelationships of trade, investment and economic growth to reveal the growth model of Myanmar's economy. Additionally, this paper also addresses the cooperative strategies between Myanmar and South Korea through a case study related to South Korea's economic growth. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the interrelationship among FDI, trade, growth, labor force and inflation in Myanmar. This study employs ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) to conduct an analysis of the FDI-Trade-Growth relationships using the time series data from 1970 to 2016 and a conducted case study of South Korea provided for practical implication on cooperative strategies between Myanmar and Korea. Findings - Export equation was chosen through the diagnostic tests. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: Export in Myanmar is positively influenced by labor force, FDI, capital formation and negatively impacted by import and instable inflation rate in the long run. In the short run, GDP and import positively influence export. The Granger causality test proves that Myanmar is an FDI/labor force-led Growth economy, where FDI and labor force are main drivers of export followed by GDP in Myanmar. The case study of South Korea provided that Korea's tax and credit system for promoting export-led FDI industries and cooperative units for joint ventures between Korea and Myanmar in export-led FDI industries are recommended. Originality/value - No study has yet to be conducted on the interrelationships of macroeconomic factors from the perspectives of FDI-Trade-Growth Nexus in Myanmar under the assumption of labor force and inflation rate as fundamental conditions. The current study also covered a relatively longer period of time series data from 1970 to 2016. This paper also conducts a case study of South Korea's experience in order to evaluate the findings and provide better policy implications.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.34-46
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper aims to analyze the impact of the terms of trade, export price, and import price on the Korean economy (that is, real GDP, CPI, money market rate, and real effective exchange rate), and vice versa in the simple vector autoregression. Design/methodology - We impose two assumptions, i.e., diagonality and bloc exogeneity, to correctly identify the impact of a factor to the others in the structural equation. With two contemporaneous assumptions in the structural VAR, this paper investigates the impacts of the terms of trade on the Korean economy and vice versa. Findings - Impulse responses to the shocks in the terms of trade and Korean economy show that 1) an impact of the terms of trade on the economy is different in export prices and in import prices. A higher export price is beneficial to the economy while a higher import price hurts the economy, and 2) an increase in real effective exchange rate and in interest rate constrains domestic production and lowers consumer prices. Originality/value - Unlike the conventional perception that a depreciation of a currency would promote exports and domestic production at the price of inflation, our result shows the opposite, and 3) real GDP and consumer prices are positively correlated. That is, an increase in real GDP does not only cause inflation, but an increase in consumer prices also promote domestic production. Yet, the only difference is that export prices and import prices end up higher with an increase in real GDP, but lower with inflation.