• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.248-252
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• 2011

Soy protein based formula (SPF) has been developed for infants who are at a high risk for atopic dermatitis (AD) and cow's milk protein allergy (CMA). We performed this study to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of SPF compared to conventional hydrolyzed cow's milk formula (hCMF) in the feeding of infants with AD and CMA. 38 infants (12 to 24 months of age) diagnosed with CMA and AD were randomized to receive either SPF or hCMF for 12 weeks. Follow-up was conducted at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Growth parameters of the infants were evaluated during each visit. Clinical evaluations, including AD severity scores, pruritus, specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) (cow's milk protein and soy protein) levels of peripheral blood, were made at enrollment and week 12. Analysis was performed on the 32 infants (SPF: n=16, hCMF: n=16) who completed the 12-week intervention. Eczema area and severity index (EASI) scores, a measure of the severity of AD, and pruritus were significantly reduced after 12 weeks compared to enrollment in the both groups; however, the median changes for EASI scores and pruritus were not statistically different between the two groups. The growth parameters did not differ significantly between both groups at any assessed time point. This study suggests that SPF could be useful in decreasing the severity of AD without affecting infant growth status. Therefore SPF could provide an adequate and safe alternative to hCMF in treating infants with AD and CMA during the first 12 to 24 months of their life.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 2021

Purpose: The present study assessed the role of an amino acid-based formula (AAF) in the growth of infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Methods: Non-breastfed, term infants aged 0-6 months with symptoms suggestive of CMPA were recruited from 10 pediatric centers in China. After enrollment, infants were started on AAF for two weeks, followed by an open food challenge (OFC) with cow's milk-based formula (CMF). Infants with confirmed CMPA remained on AAF until 9 months of age, in conjunction with a cow's milk protein-free complementary diet. Body weight, length, and head circumference were measured at enrollment and 9 months of age. Measurements were converted to weight-for-age, length-for-age, and head circumference-for-age Z scores (WAZ, LAZ, HCAZ), based on the World Health Organization growth reference. Results: Of 254 infants (median age 16.1 weeks, 50.9% male), 218 (85.8%) were diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated CMPA, 33 (13.0%) tolerated CMF, and 3 (1.2%) did not complete the OFC. The mean WAZ decreased from 0.119 to -0.029 between birth and enrollment (p=0.067), with significant catch-up growth to 0.178 at 9 months of age (p=0.012) while being fed the AAF. There were no significant changes in LAZ (0.400 vs. 0.552; p=0.214) or HCAZ (-0.356 vs. -0.284; p=0.705) from the time of enrollment to age 9 months, suggesting normal linear and head growth velocity. Conclusion: The amino acid-based study formula, in conjunction with a cow's milk proteinfree complementary diet, supported normal growth till 9 months of age in a cohort of Chinese infants with challenge-confirmed non-IgE-mediated CMPA.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1024-1027
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• 2005

Rapid and simple method was developed for simultaneous determination of vitamins $D_3\;and\;K_1$ contents in infant formula. Contents of vitamins $D_3\;and\;K_1$, extracted by column-switching HPLC with reversed phase column using enzymatic hydrolysis and organic solvent, in CRM determined by developed method were within certified ranges of standard values.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2009

The mainstay in the management of mild to moderately dehydrated children is fast rehydration by using hypotonic ORS (oral rehydration solution) and complete resumption of normal diet, including lactose-containing formula after 4 hours rehydration. Since the majority of young children with uncomplicated acute diarrhea will tolerate large amounts of undiluted non-human milk, withholding food and milk from children during diarrhea is not recommended anymore, regarding time to resolution and diarrhea control. In addition, routine dilution of milk and routine use of lactose-free formula are not necessary after fast ORS therapy. Breastfed infants and children fed with solid foods may safely continue receiving their usual diets during diarrhea instead of gradual reintroduction of feeding. However, young infants or children with severe diarrhea or malnutrition should be carefully treated under supervision if fed with lactose containing, non-human milk exclusively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.881-890
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• 2019

Objective: A study was conducted to develop non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics using egg white, egg yolk, soy protein and their combinations, and their nutrient content, shelf-life and flavor acceptability were compared. Methods: Spray dried egg white, egg yolk, and soy protein isolate were purchased from manufacturers and used for the formulae. Results: The protein contents of the non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics were about 8.5% as calculated. The amounts of oleic and linoleic acid content increased as the amount of yolk increased in the formula, but the increases of polyunsaturated fatty acids were <0.5% of total fat. Addition of egg yolk to the formula increased choline and lutein content in the products, but the amounts were <0.4 mg/g for choline and $4{\mu}g/g$ for lutein. The lutein in the products continued to decrease over the storage time, and only about 15% to 20% of the 0-month amounts were left after 3 months of storage. Although the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of the spray-dried non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics increased as storage time increased, the values were still low. Yellowness, darkness, and egg flavor/odor of the non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics increased as the amount of egg yolk in the formula increased. The overall acceptability of the non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics was closely related to the intensity of egg flavor/odor, but storage improved their overall acceptance because most of the off-odor volatiles disappeared during the storage. Water temperature was the most important parameter in dissolving spray-dried non-dairy creamer analogs/mimics, and $55^{\circ}C$ to $75^{\circ}C$ was the optimal water temperature conditions to dissolve them. Conclusion: Higher amounts of yolk and soy protein combinations in place of egg white reduced the cost of the products significantly and those products contained better and balanced nutrients than the commercial coffee creamers. However, off-flavor and solubility were two important issues in the products.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.338-347
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• 2023

Objectives: Young children's feeding characteristics can play an important role in eating habits and health during later childhood. This study was conducted to examine the associations of feeding characteristics with dietary patterns and obesity in children. Methods: This study utilized data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2017. In total, 802 toddlers were included, with information on their demographic characteristics, feeding practices and duration, and 24-hour recall obtained from their parents. Feeding characteristics were categorized into feeding type, duration of total breastfeeding, duration of total formula feeding, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and age when starting formula feeding. Dietary patterns were identified based on factor loadings for the food groups for 3 major factors, with "vegetables & traditional," "fish & carbohydrates," and "sweet & fat" patterns. Overweight/obesity was defined as ≥85th percentile in body mass index based on the 2017 Korean National Growth charts for children and adolescents. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between feeding characteristics and dietary patterns. The association between dietary patterns and obesity was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The early introduction of formula feeding was inversely associated with the "vegetables & traditional" pattern (β=-0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.34 to -0.02). A higher "vegetables & traditional" intake was associated with a lower risk of obesity (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.95). Conclusions: Feeding characteristics are associated with dietary patterns in later childhood, and dietary patterns were shown to have a potential protective association against obesity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.791-795
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of a standard culture method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in milk and meat products. Milk, dried infant formula, sausage and ground beef that had been artificially inoculated with S. aureus were enriched in tryptic soy broth. After the enrichment, a loopful was inoculated onto Baird-Parker agar with egg-yolk-tellurite. In parallel, 23S rRNA was amplified by PCR from samples of the enriched broth. Suspected S. aureus colonies grown on selective agars were finally confirmed by a coagulase test and colony PCR. No significant statistical differences were observed between the incidence of S. aureus detected by the culture method and the incidence detected by PCR, in milk or dried infant formula. However, in sausage and ground beef, the number of positives detected by PCR was significantly higher than by the culture method (p<0.05). Our findings suggest that PCR could be an effective screening tool for the detection of S. aureus compared to the standard culture method.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.540-549
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• 2004

Infants and children with food related Atopic Dermatitis (AD) need extra dietary efforts to maintain optimal nutrition due to food restriction to prevent allergy reactions. However, nutrition ignorance and food faddism make patients even more confused and practice desirable diet more difficult. The objective of this study was to report the AD patients' malnutrition cases in Korea. We report on 2 cases of severe nutritional deficiency caused by consuming macrobiotic diets which avoid processed foods and most animal foods, i.e. one of vegetarian diet. Case 1, a 12-month-old male child, was admitted with severe marasmus. Because of a history of AD, he was started on mixed grain porridge at 3 months without any breast milk or formula feeding. His caloric intake was 66% and protein intake was 69% of the recommended dietary allowance. Patient's height and weight was under 3th percentile. On admission the patient was unable to crawl or roll over. Case 2, a 9-month-old AD female patient, was diagnosed with kwashiorkor and rickets. She was also started on mixed grain porridge at 100 days due to AD. Her caloric intake has been satisfied recommended dietary allowance until 7 months, however, she conducted sauna bath therapy and reduced both energy and protein intake at 8 months. The amount of protein intake for case 2 was higher than recommended dietary allowance, but, sauna therapy and severe AD with intakes of low guality protein may increase patient's protein requirement resulting in kwashiorkor. Case 2 patient's height and weight was on 3th percentile. Both cases showed low intake of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin E and especially very low intake of vitamin B$_{12}$ and vitamin D. Allergy tests for certain foods had not done prior to admission for both cases. They followed the dietary advise operated by macrobiotic diet internet site. In conclusion, AD infants' parents and caregivers should contact a pediatrician trained as a specialist in allergy for accurate diagnosis. For infant patients, breast or formula feeding including hypoallergenic formula should be continued until their one year of age. When certain foods need to be restricted or to follow special diets such as vegetarian diet, consultation with pediatrician and dietitian is needed.d.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

Food allergy is defined as adverse reactions toward food mediated by aberrant immune mechanisms. Therefore, an allergic response to a food antigen can be thought of as an aberrant mucosal immune response. Food allergy most often begins in the first 1~2 years of life with the process of sensitization by which the immune system responds to specific food proteins, most often with the development of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Over time, most food allergeies are lost, although allergy to some foods is often long lived. The most important allergen sources involved in early food allergy are milk, eggs, peanut, soybean, meat, fish and cereals. Milk allergy seem to be associated with casein and whey protein. Important features of proteins as allergenicity are size, abundance and stability. Strategies for the prevention of milk allergy is breast-feeding, partially hydrolysised infant formula, using of probiotics, immune components in milk, preparation of low allergenicity milk protein and allergy therapy (immune therapy).

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2003

Content analysis of food advertisements was undertaken to investigate the nature of the messages related to health, nutrition or consumer-promotion in 2001 women's magazines. Advertisements on baby foods were collected from three women's magazines and the final samples obtained were 42 different copies of advertisements. All the messages in each sample were counted and calculated for their frequency (％). Messages were categorized into four areas (health, nutrition, non-nutrition, consumer promotion), and each area was classified into more detailed categories. Results showed that all the messages in 42 samples and average messages per advertisement were 1288 and 30.7, respectively. The most common type of promotional messages was health related (e.g., appeal to enhanced immune function and disease prevention and brain development), followed by consumer related, nutrition and non-nutrition messages in order. Messages about high quality and all natural ingredients were more emphasized in the consumer related category. Messages on fats (DHA, lecithin and arachidonic acid), proteins (neucleotides, taurine) and mineral (calcium, iron) were most frequently found in nutrition category. Amongst the three kinds of baby foods, formula ads had the most numerous messages related to health and nutrition. There were more consumer related messages in the ads of weaning foods, and more promotional messages about no addition of antiseptic, artificial additives, and food colors in the ads for older infant foods. Messages violating regulation (e.g., exaggerated or inaccurate or non-scientific messages) were frequently found in the advertisements of three kinds of baby foods. In conclusion, tighter supervision of food advertisements and nutrition education is required to protect the consumers from misleading advertisements.