• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.70-78
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• 2022

To respond to global warming, there is an increasing interest in eco-friendly alternative energy sources. Therefore, unused forest biomass that has been neglected due to a lack of marketability is attracting attention. With the introduction of the "unused forest biomass certification system" in 2019, ways of determining quantity of unused forest biomass have steadily increased. However, there have been reported cases whereby unused forest biomass weighed more than the amount of harvested trees. It was found that it was possible that forest resources that can be used as round wood were mixed with unused forest biomass. In this context, this study aimed to estimate the amount of mixed round wood in the unused forest biomass supply. The relative expression of growing stock/ha versus the amount of final clearing/ha collected was modeled (y=1.490x-94.341, R²=0.861). As a result, it was found that round wood was mixed into the unused forest biomass, contributing to the disparity observed between the weighted forest biomass and the amount of trees harvested. In conclusion, proper declaration and certification procedures should be carried out for the use of forest resources and promoting unused forest biomass usage.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.414-426
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• 2022

The Lauraceae family has commercial uses, such as in the food, pharmaceutical, and perfume industries. This study was conducted to investigate anti-asthmatic activity of essential oils from the seven species in the Lauraceae family. The essential oils were extracted from the leaves of seven species, and the chemical composition was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of essential oils differed depending on the species, even if they belonged to the same family. The main constituents were camphor (89.09%) in Cinnamomum camphora, linalool (26.91%) in Cinnamomum cassia, 1,8-cineole (23.90%) in Cinnamomum japonicum, d-limonene (10.27%) and β-eudesmol (10.03%) in Lindera obtusiloba, δ-cadinene (13.85%) and α-phellandrene (11.57%) in Machilus japonica, cis-,trans-β-ocimene (13.80% and 12.06%) and elemol (11.46%) in Neolitsea aciculata, and cis-β-ocimene (37.94%) and sabinene (24.91%) in Neolitsea sericea. The anti-asthmatic activity of essential oils was investigated using the lipopolysaccharide-induced NCI-H292 cells. The relative expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] and mucus gene (MUC5AC and MUC5B) were significantly reduced by essential oils from seven species in the Lauraceae family. Among the seven essential oils, the essential oil from L. obtusiloba had the most superior anti-asthmatic activity. These results suggest that the essential oil of L. obtusiloba leaves could be used as an agent to suppress mucus hypersecretion.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.222-228
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal content (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) of forest soil and of Lonicera japonica and to understand the correlation in contents of heavy metal between forest soil and L. japonica near the Onsan industrial region. The content of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn was higher in the industrial region than in forest regions, but re, Mn and Ni content was higher in forest regions than in the industrial region. Among heavy metals, the content of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in leaf, stem and root of L. japonica growing near industrial regions was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in forest regions. The content of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in L. japonica tissues showed a positive or negative correlation with those in forest soils. Correlation coefficients of Cu content between forest soil and organs of L. japonica ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 (p<0.01). It was concluded that L. japanica could be used in heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) decontamination of forest soils of industrial regions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.593-601
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• 2009

Forest disturbances including forest fire, insect pests and diseases, landslides, and forest conversion from 1976 to 2005 were investigated to trace the changes of major forest disturbance agents and their characteristics over time in accordance with changes in natural and social environment in South Korea. While the damaged area by insect pests and diseases continuously decreased for the past 30 years, damaged areas by forest fire and landslide were fluctuating through years. The interval of large forest fires has become shorter with increased tree volume. The precipitation between January and April were significantly correlated with large fire occurrences as Pearson's correlation coefficient -0.400 (P=0.029). The composition of major insect pests and diseases damaging Korean forests has been changed continuously, and become more diversified. While damages by pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus spectabilis) and pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) decreased, damage by introduced pests has been more serious recently. The change of precipitation pattern that brought more localized heavy rain or powerful typhoon resulted in the recent increase in landslide areas. The major land uses to induce forest conversion have been changed, reflecting the changes in industrial structure in South Korea as agriculture and mining in 1970s, mining and golf ranges classified in pasture in 1980s, and road and housing construction in 1990s and 2000s. Changes in forest disturbance patterns in South Korea show that a country's industrial development is jointly working with global warming on forest stand dynamics. Altering energy structure and land use pattern induced by industrial development accumulates forest volume and reforms microenvironments on forest floor, interacting with climate change, inducing shorter interval of large forest fire and changes in major species composition of forest insect pests and diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-246
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• 1992

In order to estimate effects of air pollution for pinus thunbergii forests arounding onsan industrial complex, structure of forest vegrtation was surveyed. In the survey of forest vegetation, pinus densiflora have been died or being withered, and importance value(I.V) of rhododendron mucromulatum and lespedeza spp. were low at the vicinity of industrial complex. Especially lespedeza maximowiczii and l. maritima were not entirely appeared at the vicinity of industrial complex. I.V. of quercus serrata, robinia pseudoacacia and alnus firma were preferably high at the vicinity of industrial complex, and those of smilax china, rubus crataegifolius and rhus trichocarpa were similar at every site and it could be guessed that those had a tolerance. Number of species had a difference over 10 species at the vicinity of industrial complex as compared with those of remote sites, and species diversity showed highly at the farther sites of industrial complex, and also at the low layer, number of species, species diversity and evennes were low at the vicinity of industrialcomplex and species weakened to air pollution were disappearing. It was possible that forest vegetation would be changed from pinus spp. to community of a. firma and r. pseudoacacia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.348-356
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to give the results of economic feasibility of industrial forest plantations, and also A/R CDM project in Indonesia to investors. In order to analyze economic feasibility of the industrial forest plantation and A/R CDM project, this study comparatively analyzes the feasibility based on three following scenarios: industrial plantation type; A/R CDM type; combination type of industrial plantation and A/R CDM project. In the aspect of IRR, the combination type has 11 % while the industrial plantation type has 8%. If the price of timber increases USD $5/m^3$ (from the standard price: USD $30/m^3$ to USD $35/m^3$), IRR of the industrial plantation type will increase from 8% to 14%. This result shows us that the IRR of the industrial plantation type is very sensitive to the price of timber. There is no economic feasibility of A/R CDM project if the price of lCER is under USD 5. In addition, IRR of the A/R CDM project type is the same to IRR of industrial plantation type (8%) when the price of lCER is USD 10. Finally, the total investment expenditure on 12,000ha of the combination type is approximately 13 billion won while the industrial plantation type is 13.6 billion won. It takes 11 year to reach the turning point in terms of profitability of the combination type while the industrial plantation takes 13 year. Thus, the economic feasibility of the combination type is higher than the other types(industrial plantation type and A/R CDM project type).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2016

In South Korea the need of sustainably managing development on forest lands has required to develop a new approach to estimating environmental impacts on forest surrounding development sites in a scientific manner. As for forest-related development, two types of development were selected: golf courses and industrial complexes. Using Fragstats 4.2, the fragmentation effects and patterns of each type by forest area within project sites and buffer zones ranging from the outside of project sites up to 2,000 meters were analyzed. As a result, golf courses were strongly related to a group of fragmentation indexes: CA, NP, PD, TE, LSI, TCA, NDCA and CONNECT, whereas industrial complexes were associated with CA, NP, PD, TE, LSI and CONNECT. Among them, NP, LSI, TCA and NDCA of golf courses were considered as representative indexes reflecting the average impact ranges of each sub-group by forest area, and focussing on the size of core areas. In the case of industrial complexes, PD, TE and LSI were the representatives, vulnerable to the composition of given landscape. For two case studies, one for golf courses and the other for industrial complexes, they showed there existed a difference between the average of a group and the individual results. Therefore, to minimize the variations in impact range within a group, it is needed to analyze more individual cases. This study proved there was a distinction between project types in terms of the range of environmental impact. To effectively and comprehensively manage forest development, further research on analyzing other development types related to forests with more cases is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2022

CO₂ emissions are the primary reason for global warming; hence, biological and chemical technologies for converting CO₂ into useful compounds are being actively studied. Biological methods using enzymes can convert CO₂ under mild conditions. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is a representative CO₂ conversion enzyme. Its function was revealed after isolation from bacteria, yeast, and plants. In this study, we evaluated the CO₂ conversion potential of FDH isolated from wood-rotting fungi. After isolating the FDH gene (TvFDH) from Trametes versicolor, we cloned the full-length FDH from T. versicolor and expressed it in a cell-free expression system. The gene encoding TvFDH was identified as 1,200 bp open reading frame (ORF) and the expected molecular weight of the protein was approximately 42 kDa. Overexpression of the recombinant crude protein including TvFDH was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Enzyme activities and metabolite analyses confirmed the efficiency of TvFDH for CO₂ reduction.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2007

GIS is used much research for efficient forest fire management and forecasting and slope has been known as high-leverage thing in spread of forest fire specially. Various algorithms are used usually to calculate slope angle of topography from DEM(Digital elevation model). However, because spread speed of forest fire is different according to uphill slope and downhill slope, it need new slope calculation algorithm. Therefore, developed slope calculation algorithm can reflect uphill slope and forest fire spread speed of looking downhill slope.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of forest soil acidification on the distribution of exchangeable cations($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$) and heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd) in soil, and to understand the relation of the soil chemical properties and the distribution of nutrients and hear metals in fine root and foliage. The results through survey on the long - term change of soil pH and the contents of nutrient and heavy metal in soil, fine root and foliage by 2 sites near Ulsan - Onsan industrial estate and 2 sites in limited development district are summarized as follows : 1. The average forest soil pH(A horizon) in Ulsan had been proceeded down to 3.73 in deciduous forest and 3.86 in coniferous forest in 1994 from 4.45 and 4.78 in 1987, respectively, which indicated serious soil acidification. As comparing soil pH among sites, Dongcheon coniferous forest(pH 4.57) in limited development district showed the highest values and Dangwol deciduous forest(pH 3.19) near Onsan industrial estate showed the lowest values in 1994. 2. Contents of exchangeable calcium in forest soils of limited development district where showed much higher soil pH than industrial estate were 3.5 times more in deciduous forest soil and 11 times more in coniferous forest soil than in industrial estate, and contents of exchangeable magnesium were also 4.5 and 5 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively. However contents of exchangeable aluminium which had been supposed more in forest soil of industrial estate were more in limited development district. 3. Contents of calcium and magnesium in fine root of deciduous trees(A hirsuta. Q. acutissima) were 3.6 and 1.7 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively, and those of coniferous trees(P. rigida, P. thunbergii) were 4.6 and 1.5 times more in Limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively. Also contents of calcium and magnesium in foliage of deciduous trees were 1.1 and 2.2 times more in limited development district than in industrial estate, respectively, and those of coniferous trees were 1.8 and 3.3 times more in limited development district, respectively. And contents of aluminium in fine root and foliage were nearly as same as in soil. 4. Ca/Al molar ratios in soil and fine root, which could be related with the dgree of soil acidification and Al toxicity on trees, were Less than 1 in all sites except Dongcheon, suggesting that the soil and fine root in the sites have high sensitivity to soil acidification and the decrease in nutrient uptake and root enlargement. The Ca/Al molar ratios in soil and fine root in coniferous forest were highly correlated with the soil pH one another. 5. Contents of Cu, Zn and Pb in soil, fine root and foliage were more in industrial estate than in limited development district in both deciduous and coniferous forests, however, oppositely contents of Mn and Cd in soil were more in limited development district than in industrial estate.