• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.504-512
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• 2003

The plastic strain ratios(R-values) of low carbon steel sheets were determined by the automatic strain measurement method using two extensometers, the indirect photo method for the same tensile specimen during tensile test and the indirect method for the specimen after tensile test. The experimental results showed that the measured plastic strain ratios from the automatic strain measurement method using two extensometers coincided with those from the indirect photo method and the indirect method for all tensile specimens. In addition, the strain dependence of plastic strain ratios could be continuously recorded and the anisotropy of the strength coefficient, K, and strain hardening exponent, n, could be automatically calculated in three directions by computer through the use of two extensometers. The experimental results showed that the strain dependence of R-value was related to the anisotropy of strain hardening exponent in low carbon steel sheets.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2013

OECD(2008) gives the concepts of inaction costs on key environmental challenges including: direct financial costs; total financial costs; total use costs; and total social welfare costs. In analyzing the losses of environmental goods' various values conducted by domestic and foreign researchers, this study suggests the value-cost category of OECD(2008) and other studies; and the indirect use and non-use values of groundwater and other natural environment using the concepts of inaction costs. The studies on the damages and their relationships among human, property, and ecosystem are essential to monetary valuation on the qualitative or quantitative degradation of groundwater and other natural environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.298-309
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• 2018

This study examined the multi-functionality of an eco-pastoral system in alpine grassland and measured its economic value. The multi-functionality can be divided into three categories: direct-use value, indirect-use value, and heritage value. Direct-use value includes both extractive (forage and livestock production) and non-extractive (recreation and tourism) functions. Indirect-use value includes the functions of water conservation, soil erosion control, atmospheric control, landscape, livestock-manure management, and forest firebreaks. The heritage value includes the function of species diversity. The results showed that the annual value for 1 hectare of the eco-pastoral system in alpine grassland's direct use was estimated to be 21,090,874 Korean won; the indirect-use value was 15,562,203 won when the landscape in grassland system, and 16,018,224 won when the landscape comprised in silvopastoral system. The value of the species diversity in heritage terms ranged from 767,273 to 1,578,845 won, depending on whether it included any endangered species. The total value of multi-functionality of the eco-pastoral system in alpine grassland was estimated to be a minimum of 37,420,350 won/ha and a maximum of 38,687,942 won/ha. The results of this study can provide useful insights for the eco-pastoral system in alpine grassland policies in Republic of Korea.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.156-168
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• 2016

The Korean government is planning to invest a lot of funds for conservation of the soil. Accordingly, it needs quantitative information on the soil. This paper attempts to analyze the total value of soil quantitatively: the total economic value of soil can be divided into use value and non-use value. To this end, we apply a replacement cost method (RCM) and contingent valuation method (CVM). Especially, CVM is most widely used to measure the non-use value such as environment goods. We employed the one-and-one-half-bounded dichotomous choice (OOHBDC) for willingness to pay (WTP) elicitation and a spike model. The monthly mean WTP was estimated to be KRW 3,949 per household for the next 10 years, which is statistically significant at the 1% level. Expanding the value to the relevant population gives us KRW 897.9 billion per year and as of the end of 2015, the non-use value of soil was assessed to be KRW 838.6 billion. Meanwhile, use value is subdivided into direct use value and indirect use value. This value was calculated KRW 3,277 trillion and KRW 51.8 trillion, respectively. As a result, total economic value of soil is estimated to be KRW 3,330 trillion in Korea.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.55-62
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• 2017

In this study, the water content and the low calorific value of the dried sludge are analyzed by using a vertical cylinder type indirect heating type dryer for evaluatation of energy source value. The vertical cylindrical thin film dryer was an Okadora Pilot Plant, and the dryer was indirect heating vertical thin film type. The internal standard consisted of 500 mm in diameter and 700 mm in height. In the drying experiment, 10 kg of dehydrated sewage sludge was added to the dryer and the total amount of the sludge was adjusted to 27 times by variable of the time, the number of revolutions and the steam temperature. The results of analysis of the 27th experiment component of the dried product showed that the average low calorific value of about 11.2 MJ/kg and the water content of 6%. This is satisfy the fuel use standard of the thermal power plant of the sludge.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

PURPOSE. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of surface treatments on bond strength of indirect composite material (Tescera Indirect Composite System) to monolithic zirconia (inCoris TZI). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Partially stabilized monolithic zirconia blocks were cut into with 2.0 mm thickness. Sintered zirconia specimens were divided into different surface treatment groups: no treatment (control), sandblasting, glaze layer & hydrofluoric acid application, and sandblasting + glaze layer & hydrofluoric acid application. The indirect composite material was applied to the surface of the monolithic zirconia specimens. Shear bond strength value of each specimen was evaluated after thermocycling. The fractured surface of each specimen was examined with a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope to assess the failure types. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey LSD tests (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. Bond strength was significantly lower in untreated specimens than in sandblasted specimens (P<.05). No difference between the glaze layer and hydrofluoric acid application treated groups were observed. However, bond strength for these groups were significantly higher as compared with the other two groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Combined use of glaze layer & hydrofluoric acid application and silanization are reliable for strong and durable bonding between indirect composite material and monolithic zirconia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2011

Purpose: Purposes of this study were to identify non-value-added nursing activities (NVANAs) and to estimate the amount of time spent on NVANAs among total nursing activities. Methods: Non-value-added nursing activities were identified though the use of a focus group. The nurses in the focus group were nurses working in a tertiary hospital. They discussed possible activities that could be NVANAs. Based on the focus group discussion, a pilot study was done to examine the actual occurrence of NVANAs in clinical settings. Results: The focus group discussion showed that NVANAs occurred in ten categories of nursing performances including communication with physicians, communication with other departments, medications, equipment/supplies, nursing records, tests, admission, discharge, and transfer. Direct nursing activities accounted for 35.5% of total nursing activities while indirect nursing activities accounted for 64.5%. Of indirect nursing activities, 16% were NVANAs. Most NVANAs were related to communication and equipment/supplies. Conclusions: To improve the quality and efficiency of nursing activities, it is necessary to identify NVANAs and their causes. Results of this study suggest that improvement in the work process and nursing unit structure, support for equipment/supplies, and effective communication are needed to reduce NVANAs in tertiary hospitals in Korea.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.422-431
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• 2003

The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), a stimulator of erythropoiesis, banned in sports because of the medical risk associated with thrombosis. Due to analytical difficulties to differentiate between natural human EPO (hEPO) and rhEPO, blood parameters of erythropoiesis such as contents of hemoglobin (cut-off value <17.5 g/d l for man, and < 16.0 g/dl for women), hematocrit and reticulocytes (cut-off value <2.0%) were measured to focus the misuse of rhEPO. We conducted anti-doping test for 122 blood samples of the World Cup athletes. The mean values of key parameters are as follows; 14.5$\pm$1.0 g/dl for hemoglobin, 41.7$\pm$2.8% for hematocrit, and 1.3$\pm$0.4% for reticulocyte. Blood sample was found to be stable up to 8 hours for the reticulocyte measurement. In addition, the soluble transferrin receptor and ferritin levels were measured by immunoassay methods using plasma samples (n=28) in which the mean value was 0.8$\pm$0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and 54.6$\pm$33.7 ng/$m\ell$, respectively. The results indicate that all samples tested were negative for the blood parameters of indirect anti-doping test for hEPO misuse. The statistical evaluation suggest that several other parameters such as red blood cell, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and white blood cell could be considered as factors influencing hEPO function in addition to five parameters mentioned.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2009

Recently, IPTV attracts great attention along with the digital convergence of communication and media technologies. This study examined critical factors on the consumer's continued use of the IPTV service. Based on the expectation-confirmation theory and the innovation diffusion theory, we derived nine key factors in the research model-relative advantage, compatibility, ease of use, image, diversity of contents, interactivity, monetary value, social influence, and user satisfaction. Using the partial least square method, we found that content diversity and compatibility have a significant indirect effect on the continued use of the IPTV service via user satisfaction, and user satisfaction and social influence also have a significant direct impact on the IPTV use. These findings not only provide practical insights on the consumer acceptance of new technology-converging services, but also help managers to plan their marketing strategies better.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.333-341
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• 2003

In induction motor control systems driven by the indirect vector control scheme, the rotor speed is measured to determine the flux angle which is a key variable in the control algorithm. The most popular way to measure the angular velocity is the use of rotary encoder. Since the errorneous measurement of rotor speed results in incorrect flux angle estimate, the control input generated based on the faulty information should be far from the desired (correct) value and deteriorates the overall control performance. In this paper the effects of encoder fault on motor variables and control performance are analyzed by both theoretical approach and experimental study. A parity equation based on the Power is suggested and applied to detect the incipient fault of encoder.