• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.103-116
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• 2020

Objectives This study was designed to review the effect of herbal medicine on animal model with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods We reviewed studies published both in Korea and overseas, all published after 2008. We investigated 8 databases, 6 Korean databases and 2 of abroad. Searching was conducted through flowchart and 24 studies met our guideline. Datas were extrated and organized as animal model characteristics, experimental period, study design, herbal medicine used as intervention and rheumatoid arthritis indicator. Results 336 articles were primarily selected. After screening, 24 articles were left in the end. All 24 studies showed that the herbal medicine used in the animal experiment was effective on treating rheumatoid arthris, proven by macroscopic, histological, hematological and osteological indicators. Conclusions The result showed that herbal medicine is effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis through various pathways. However, study design and intervention were all different from each other and we could not specify the certain compound, material or substance of efficacy. Further study should be conducted to figure out the effectiveness of herbal medicine on rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.597-603
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• 2012

Non-thermal plasma processing using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has been investigated as an alternative method for the degradation of non-biodegradable organic compounds in wastewater. The active species such as OH radical, produced by the electrical discharge may play an important role in degrading organic compound in water. The degradation of N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (RNO) was investigated as an indicator of the generation of OH radical. The DBD plasma reactor of this study consisted of a plasma reactor, recycling pump, power supply and reservoir. The effect of diameter of external reactor (15 ~ 40 mm), width of ground electrode (2.5 ~ 30 cm), shape (pipe, spring) and material (copper, stainless steel and titanium) of ground electrode, water circulation rate (3.1 ~ 54.8 cm/s), air flow rate (0.5 ~ 3.0 L/min) and ratio of packing material (0 ~ 100 %) were evaluated. The experimental results showed that shape and materials of ground were not influenced the RNO degradation. Optimum diameter of external reactor, water circulation rate and air flow rate for RNO degradation were 30 mm, 25.4 cm/s and 4 L/min, respectively. Ground electrode length to get the maximum RNO degradation was 30 cm, which was same as reactor length. Filling up of glass beads decreased the RNO degradation. Among the experimented parameters, air flow rate was most important parameters which are influenced the decomposition of RNO.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

Vitellogenin (Vtg), a phospholipoglycoprotein precursor of egg yolk is synthesized and secreted from the liver in response to estrogens in female fish. Vtg is normally undetectable in the blood of male fish, but can be induced by exposure to chemicals possessing estrogenic activity. Thus, the presence of Vtg in blood of male fish can serve as a useful biomarker for assessing previous exposure to estrogenic compounds. In the present study, Vtg was abnormally expressed in Rhynchocypris oxycephalus using estradiol benzoate ($E_2$). As the result, it was found that the level of Vtg in blood from R. oxycephalus was increased by treated quantity of $E_2$ with dose-effect manner. Monoclonal antibodies were generated against Vtg of R. oxycephalus. The hybridoma were screened with an enzyme immunoassay for the production of specific anti-Vtg antibodies. Five positive cell lines with a high specificity were selected. Monoclonal antibodies against vtg of R. oxycephalus that was developed in this study, may be a useful bio-indicator for the detection of estrogenic contamination in the aquatic ecosystem.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2016

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are both important signaling molecules involved in pain transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a well-known enzyme for the generation of superoxide anions ($O_2^{\bullet-}$), while S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) is a representative nitric oxide (NO) donor. In this study, we used patch clamp recording in spinal slices of rats to investigate the effects of $O_2^{\bullet-}$ and NO on the excitability of substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. We also used confocal scanning laser microscopy to measure XO- and SNAP-induced ROS and RNS production in live slices. We observed that the ROS level increased during the perfusion of xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X/XO) compound and SNAP after the loading of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate ($H_2DCF-DA$), which is an indicator of intracellular ROS and RNS. Application of ROS donors such as X/XO, ${\beta}-nicotinamide$ adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and 3-morpholinosydnomimine (SIN-1) induced a membrane depolarization and inward currents. SNAP, an RNS donor, also induced membrane depolarization and inward currents. X/XO-induced inward currents were significantly decreased by pretreatment with phenyl N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN; nonspecific ROS and RNS scavenger) and manganese(III) tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP; superoxide dismutase mimetics). Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME; NO scavenger) also slightly decreased X/XO-induced inward currents, suggesting that X/XO-induced responses can be involved in the generation of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$). Our data suggest that elevated ROS, especially $O_2^{\bullet-}$, NO and $ONOO^-$, in the spinal cord can increase the excitability of the SG neurons related to pain transmission.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.31-39
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• 2020

Objectives Danggwisoo-san and Jakyakgamcho-tang are frequently prescribed for traffic accident patients in Korea. The aim of this study was to examine index compound analysis, antioxidant activity and amount of starch measurement by extraction method. Methods Danggwisoo-san and Jakyakgamcho-tang were extracted with water and 70% ethanol. Antioxidant activity was measured by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and ferric reducing antioxidant power according to the standard protocol. The contents of the indicator components nodakenin, paeoniflorin, and glycyrrhizin were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. All starches were hydrolyzed and then total D-glucose was measured and compared. Results Antioxidant activity was excellent in 70% ethanol in all assays. The index component was jagged because its solubility was different depending on the extraction solvent. Starch content was significantly lower in 70% alcohol extract than water extract. Conclusions The results of this study showed that physiological activities and components are different according to extraction conditions. Each herbal medicine has a suitable extraction solvent. Also, the difference in starch content is an object to be considered as it may affect digestion and absorption.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 1997

In order to elucidate roles of lactic acid bacteria(LAB) for the antibiosis occurring in th fermenting environment of Kimchi, 2.052 strains of LAB were isolated from Kimchi. Fifty tow strains which showed antagonistic effect against 4 indicator strains were finally selected and investigated. Based upon responses to protease treatment, antibiosis of the 52 strains of LAB were classified into 3 types. Type A antibiosis resulted from action of antibiotic-like substances which were not affected by protease treatment and which had broad action spectra against even natural inhabitants of Kimchi. Type B antibiosis was due to bacteriocin-like substances which were very sensitive to treatment of protease and more effective against foreign bacteria than original inhabitant microflora. Type C antibiosis was owing to proteinaceous compounds which were activated or induced by the presence of protease and then exerted antibacterial activities. Therefore, lactic acid bacteria appeared to contribute to antibiosis of Kimchi by the concerted action of these three different types of antibacterial compounds. As one of model system for type B bacteriocin, the antagonistic compound produced by LAB31-9 as well as th producer strain itself was further charaacterized. Strain LAB31-9 was identified as L. casei. Bacteriocin produced by LAB31-9 was proteinaceous and stable over wide range of pH and to various solvents, but very labile to heat treatment. Its mode of action was bactericidal. Based upon these data, bacteriocin produced by LAB31-9 was named as 'caseicin K319'. Genetic determinant for the bacteriocin production of LAB31-9 was located in the chromosome.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2019

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a nitrogen-based aliphatic organic compound. It is a major odorous component of fish and fishery products and is often used as an indicator of fish quality. The efficacy of TMA removal by various yeast strains was investigated. The five yeast strains found to be most effective in removing TMA were isolated from fermented foods and were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on biochemical and 18S rRNA sequence analyses. These strains were designated as S. cerevisiae SK1511, SK1512, SK1513, SK1514 and SK1515. Yeast cultures were treated with a TMA solution (0.3%, v/v), and the level of TMA reduction was analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. The five S. cerevisiae strains removed 32.02-50.34% of the TMA from the solution. This study is the first to demonstrate TMA reduction by microbial treatment.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.13
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• 2023

Background: Zinc (Zn) is an essential cofactor for physiological homeostasis in the body. Zn oxide (ZnO), an inorganic compound that supplies Zn, exists in various sizes, and its bioavailability may vary depending on the size in vivo. However, comparative studies on the nutritional effects of micro-sized ZnO (M-ZnO) and nano-sized ZnO (N-ZnO) supplementation on Zn deficiency (ZnD) animal models have not been reported. Objectives: This study investigated the nutritional bioavailability of N-ZnO and M-ZnO particles in dietary-induced ZnD mice. Methods: Animals were divided into six experimental groups: normal group, ZnD control group, and four ZnO treatment groups (Nano-Low, Nano-High, Micro-Low, and MicroHigh). After ZnD induction, N-ZnO or M-ZnO was administered orally every day for 4 weeks. Results: ZnD-associated clinical signs almost disappeared 7 days after N-ZnO or M-ZnO administration. Serum Zn concentrations were higher in the Nano-High group than in the ZnD and M-ZnO groups on day 7 of ZnO treatment. In the liver and testis, Nano-Low and Nano-High groups showed significantly higher Zn concentrations than the other groups after 14-day treatment. ZnO supplementation increased Mt-1 mRNA expression in the liver and testis and Mt-2 mRNA expression in the liver. Based on hematoxylin-and-eosin staining results, N-ZnO supplementation alleviated histological damage induced by ZnD in the testis and liver. Conclusions: This study suggested that N-ZnO can be utilized faster than M-ZnO for nutritional restoration at the early stage of ZnD condition and presented Mt-1 as an indicator of Zn status in the serum, liver, and testis.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2024

To determinate the content of acanthoic acid and kaurenoic acid in 70% EtOH and hot water extracts of Eleutherococcus gracilistylus, quantitative analysis of each compound in samples was carried out by a HPLC-UVD. Also, the identification of each acompound in samples was successfully assigned by LC-MS analysis. In result, the contents of acanthoic acid and kaurenoic acid in 70% ethanoic extracts were 28.84±0.21 mg/g (2.88%), 26.38±1.63 mg/g (2.64%), respectively. However, the content of two compounds in hot-water extracts was not observed. In conclusion, it shows that 70% ethanol as a best extraction solvent to extract the acanthoic acid and its metabolite from Eleutherococcus gracilistylus was better than hot-water solvent. The 70% ethanol complex extract of Allium Hookeri and Eleutherococcus gracilistylus showed better effectiveness. In addition, the 70% ethanol extract complex of Allium Hookeri and Eleutherococcus gracilistylus showed better effects than the hot water solvent of DPPH radical scavenging ability, total polyphenols, and flavonoids content. The anti-inflammatory activity were significantly or partially reduced by treatment with ethanol extract complex(SEC) by Allium Hookeri and Eleutherococcus gracilistylus.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

In 2008, baby formula containing melamine was found to be responsible for a large outbreak of renal failure in infants in China. A total of 294,000 infants were hospitalized, and at least 6 babies died due to ingestion of the tainted formula. Melamine contains high levels of nitrogen (>60%), which is used as an indicator of protein content. Therefore, high levels of melamine in infant formula were thought to be the result of deliberate contamination m an attempt to increase its apparent protein content. Following inspections by China's national inspection agency, assorted products from at least 22 dairy manufacturers across China were found to have varied levels of melamine (range: 0.096196.61 mg/kg). Melamine co-exposure with cyanuric acid can induce acute melamine-cyanurate crystal nephropathy, which can lead to renal failure at much lower doses than if either compound were ingested alone. However, currently, there are very few data on melamine analogues other than cyanuric acid. At an expert meeting of the WHO and FAO held to review toxicological aspects of melamine and cyanuric acid on December 14, 2008, a new tolerable daily intake (TDI) of melamine was established that could be applied to the entire population, including infants. Therefore, a risk assessment of the various theoretical melamine contamination levels in infant formula and selected representative foods (other than infant formula and sole-source nutrition products) is urgently needed for Korean babies and children up to 7 years of age. Although the undetectable level regulation for infant formula may be low enough to guarantee the safety of babies under the age of 1 year (including premature babies), the melamine standard of 2.5 ppm for foods other than baby formula could be insufficient to protect the 95th percentile population aged 1~2 years because of this demographic's high consumption of milk, yogurt, and soy milk (hazard index = 1.79). Because TDIs are chronic values intended to protect an individual over his/her lifetime, occasional modest ingestion in excess of the TDI is not likely to be a health concern. However, children aged 1~2 years may have renal systems that are comparatively more sensitive to the crystallization of melamine and its analogues. Therefore, governmental jurisdictions may need to practice more prudent management of food items that could raise the melamine exposure for this population.