• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.670-677
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• 2007

We analyzed antioxidant and physiological activities to investigate the functional effects of ethanol extracts of Anomala albopilosa imago and A. albopilosa larva. In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first investigated the antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging capacity, superoxide radical scavenging capacity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity of the A. albopilosa extracts. By the screening system, we found that A. albopilosa extracts had antioxidant activity which increased with increments of the extract concentration. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effect of the A. albopilosa extracts on the production of anti-inflammatory factors that the nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ production activated with LPS ($1{\mu}g/mL$) in murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. A. albopilosa extracts potentially inhibited the iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of iNOS activity was correlated with the decrease in nitrite levels. Additionally, the $PEG_2$ production is markedly inhibited after a treatment with the A. albopilosa extracts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2001

This study was performed to develope stem analysis program(Stemwin1.0) which can be used in PC with MS-Windows operating system. Stemwin1.0 uses width of annual tree ring measured with 1/100mm unit, and calculate increments of several growth factors such as DBH, height and volume with various methods. Mean DBH can be calculated by arithmetic and quadratic mean methods. Height can be estimated by parallel line, line extending and height curve methods. Volume can be estimated by Huber, Smalian, and Spline functions. Not only Total growth, Mean Annual Increment(MAI) and Current Annual Increment(CAI) of growth factors, but also merchantable volume and height, form factor, growth rate, and merchantable volume rate are automatically calculated. Stemwin1.0 can also output accurate stem taper curve with various scale, and prepare stem taper data(diameter at different disk heights) for statistical analysis for deriving stem taper model. Stemwin1.0 can export output data and graph to Excel for more compatible use of it.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 2006

Background: The epidural injection technique is a commonly used intervention in the management of chronic spinal pain, which has the advantage of delivering various drugs, such as local anesthetics or steroids, in higher concentrations to the inflamed nerve root. A guidewire-reinforced epidural catheter was introduced through a Tuohy needle during the caudal epidural procedure, with a catheter threaded into the affected nerve roots and the spread-pattern of contrast agents observed under fluoroscopy. Methods: Sixty-seven patients with low back pain, who showed evidence of a herniated nucleus pulposus on magnetic resonance imaging, were included. All patients received fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injections, with the guidewire-reinforced epidural catheter introduced through a Tuohy needle and threaded either to the right or left side toward the target nerve roots. After confirming the catheter tip position at the affected nerve root, 2 ml increments of contrast agents (up to 6 ml) were injected, and their corresponding AP fluoroscopic views were obtained. Three radiologists reviewed all the radiographic findings and measured the proportion of the area of contrast spread at the side of target nerve roots. Results: Greater proportion of the area of contrast spread was observed at the side of the target nerve roots (P < 0.0001). At each level of contrast injection (2-⁣, 4- ⁣ and 6 ml), more than 70% of the spread of contrast dye was observed at the side of the target nerve roots in 85%, 70%, and 55% of cases, respectively. Conclusions: The combination of a caudal epidural injection and use of a guidewire-reinforced epidural catheter significantly enhances the target specificity, as revealed by the selective spread of contrast dye at the side of target nerves.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 1997

Central tryptaminergic system has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of renal function: $5-HT_1(5-hydroxytryptamine_1)$ receptors might seem to mediate the diuresis and natriuresis, whereas the $5-HT_2\;and\;5-HT_3$ receptors mediate the antidiuretic and antinatriuretic effects. This study attempted to delineate the role of central $5-HT_{1A}$ subtype in the regulation of rabbit renal function by observing the renal effects of intracerebrovent-ricularly(icv)-administered PAPP(p-aminorhenylethyl-m-trifluoromethytphenyl piperazine, LY165163), a selective agonist of $5-HT_{1A}$ receptors. PAPP in doses ranging from 40 to $350{\mu}g/kg$ icv induced significantly diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis, along with increased renal perfusion and glomerular filtration. Systemic blood pressure was also increased. Free water reabsorption$(T^cH_2O)$, a measure of ADH(antidiuretic hormone) secretion, was increased also. Intravenous $350{\mu}g/kg$ of PAPP elicited antidiuresis and antinatriuresis together with decreased blood pressure, thus indicating that the effects of icv PAPP were brought about through the central mechanisms, not by direct peripheral effects of the drug on kidney. Ketanserin, a selective $5-HT_2$ antagonist, $40{\mu}g/kg$ icv, did not affect the renal effects of the icv PAPP. Methysergide, a non-selective $5-HT_1$ antagonist, also did not block the renal functional responses by the icv PAPP. NAN-190, a $5-HT_{1A}$ antagonist, also did not antagonized the renal action of the icv PAPP. However the increased free water reabsorption was abolished by both methysergide or ketanserin pretreatment. The increments of blood pressure by icv PAPP was blocked only by NAN-190 pretreatment. These observations suggest that the central $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor might be involved in the central regulation of rabbit renal function by exerting the diuretic and natriuretic influences.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

As it has been reported that the depolarization-induced norepinephrine (NE) release is modulated by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor and various lines of evidence indicate the involvement of adenylate cyclase system in $A_1-adenosine$ post-receptor mechanism in hippocampus, it was attempted to delineate the role of adenylate cyclase system in the $A_1-receptor-mediated$ control of NE release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $[^3H]-NE$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation.(3 Hz, $5Vcm^{-1}$, 2 ms, rectangular pulses). The influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. $N^6-Cyclopentyladenosine$ (CPA), a specific $A_1-adenosine$ receptor agonist, in concentrations Tanging from 0.1 to $10{\mu}M$ decreased the $[^3H]-NE$ release in a dose-dependent mauler without any change of basal rate of release. 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, $2{\mu}M$), a selective $A_1-receptor$ antagonist, inhibited the CPA effect. The responses to N-ethylmaleimide $(3&10{\mu}M)$, a SH-alkylating agent of G-protein, were characterized by increments of the evoked NE-release and the CPA effects were completely abolished by NEM pretreatment. Forskolin, a specific adenylate cyclase activator, in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to $30{\mu}M$ increased the evoked and basal rate of NE release in a dose-dependent manner and the CPA effects were inhibited by forskolin pretreatment. Rolipram $(1&10{\mu}M)$, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, did not affect the evoked NE release but reduced the CPA effect. And 8-bromo-cAMP $(100&300{\mu}M)$, a membrane permeable cAMP analogue inhibited the CPA effect significantly. These results suggest that the $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor plays an important role in NE-release via nucleotide-binding protein $G_i$ in the rat hippocampus and that the adenylate cyclase system might be participated in this process.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of conventional film-screen radiography (CFSR) and direct digital radiography (DDR) for detection of various amounts of free peritoneal fluid. Ten adult male healthy beagles were used in this study. Radiographic examinations were performed in the right lateral and ventrodorsal positions. Fluid was injected in increments of 2.0 ml/kg of body weight up to 20.0 ml/kg of body weight. The images of CFSR and DDR were evaluated by two veterinary radiologists for evidence of abdominal fluid without knowledge of injected fluid volume. Data were evaluated by using the receiver operation curve (ROC) analysis and the area under the curve (AUC). There was no significant difference in detection of peritoneal fluid between DDR and CFSR in the ROC analysis. The accuracy of CFSR (0.805) was relatively higher than that of DDR (0.733), based on the ROC analysis and AUC. AUC of CFSR was higher in most injection doses. These results suggest that CFSR is more accurate than DDR for the detecting peritoneal fluid. Therefore, for situation in which digital radiographs are equivocal or small amount of fluid is suspected, other imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography would be helpful for determining the presence of fluids.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.3 s.29
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• pp.105-114
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• 2006

A popular alternative to extend the life of aged pavement is asphalt overlay. However, it has a very serious and inherent shortcoming in deterring a reflection crack. Although joint-rehabilitation and stress-relief techniques have been applied to deter such reflection cracks in aged pavement, the techniques had a limited success only in slowing down the progress of a reflection crack. Rubblization technique rubblizes the concrete pavement slab in situ and uses the rubblized slab as the base material. Then, pavement overlay is applied to finish off the rehabilitation of aged pavement. This rubblization technique has the advantage of solving the problem of reflection cracking completely. When rubblization technique is applied, the upper layer of aged concrete pavement is rubblized between 40mm-70mm in depth. However, the lower layer is typically rubblized more than 100mm in depth. Nevertheless, it is difficult to turn the entire concrete pavement of more than 30cm in depth into rubblized aggregate of appropriate size. Thus, a simulation experiment was carried out to find the appropriate rubblized depth, which avoids the reflection cracking and still maintains the function of subbase, by varying the depth of rubblized depth in loom increments of 0cm, 10cm, and 20cm. The result indicated the optimum rubblized depth was 10cm (Lee, 2006). Additionally, a small rubblizinge equipment was developed in order to derive the rubblization technique appropriate for thick concrete pavement. This equipment was tested out on an experimental pavement, which was constructed with the same standard and specification for the road in actual use, by varying its rubblizing head shape and energy as well as the effective area of rubblization. This experiment led to a prototype equipment for rubblization of thick concrete pavement. The prototype was put into use on a highway, undergoing a test construction and monitoring afterwards. This entire process was necessary for the validation of the proposed rubblization technique.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.85-94
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• 2013

PURPOSES: The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding strength tests were performed according to the application rate and curing time of asphalt emulsion. Based on finding from this study, optimum application rates and curing times are proposed. METHODS: In order to investigate bonding characteristic of asphalt emulsion, tests were performed on both asphalt concrete pavement and portland concrete pavement. Also, asphalt emulsions were tested at the application rate of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and $0.8{\ell}/m^2$ and at the curing time of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours. Pull-off test and shear bonding strength test, which commonly used for bonding strength measurement of asphalt emulsion, were adopted for this study. To assess field performance under different testing condition, asphalt emulsions were applied to in-service pavement. Throughout coefficient of determination analysis between material index properties from asphalt emulsion and mechanical response from bonding strength tests, performance correlativity was analyzed. RESULTS: Test results show that optimum application rate for asphalt overlay on asphalt concrete pavement (AOA) and asphalt overlay on concrete pavement (AOC) was $0.4{\sim}0.5{\ell}/m^2$ and $0.3{\sim}0.5{\ell}/m^2$, respectively. According to the curing time increment, tensile strength and shear strength of AOC were increased to 22~44% and 20~39%, respectively. AOA case also show strength increment in tensile strength (42%) and shear strength (9%). We tested the applicability of tack coat materials at the field sites, and our findings demonstrated that the bonding (for D and E) and rapid curing (for B, C, and D, E) performances were superior than others. Among material index properties, there was a high correlation between penetration ratio and bonding strength test result. CONCLUSIONS : Result show that interlayer bonding strength was affected by asphalt emulsion type, application rate and curing time. AOC required slightly higher application ($0.1{\ell}/m^2$) than AOA. Both AOA and AOC cases show higher strength at longer curing time. Up to 2hours of curing, rapid strength increments were observed, but strength increment ratio was decreased after 2hours of curing. From the observed correlation between penetration ratio and bonding strength, it is expected that penetration ratio can be used as one of important factors affecting bonding strength analysis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1982

A water culture was conducted with 5 levels of nitrate-ammonium ratio (NAR: 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10) to study the ionic balance, cation-anion (C-A) in mulberry leaves and to determine the optimum NAR for the greatest leaf yields. The results were as follows: 1. The growth rate of mulberry plants was the greatest at 7:3 NAR. 2. Magesium in the mulberry leaves was not affected by NAR. By lowering NAR, calcium content decreased more than potassium content increased, consequently lowering the sum of cation content (${\sum}C$). However, the sum of anion (${\sum}A$) increased because of increments of sulphate, chloride and especially phosphate. 3. Ionic balance in the mulberry leaves deceased from 727 to 116 me/Kg dry matter with increasing ammonium levels of 0 to 100% in the nutrient solution.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate color removal from leather-dyeing wastewater using $O_3$ and $O_3/H_2O_2$ unit processes and a serial process for $O_3$, followed by the $O_3/H_2O_2$ process. The color removal rate of the $O_3$ alone process was only 65% effective, and the color increased when an applied $O_3$ dose of more than 40 ~ 50 mg/L was applied. On the other hand, the color was completely removed without increments of color by the $O_3/H_2O_2$ process with $H_2O_2$ injection ratio of 0.2 and 0.3 (wt. $H_2O_2$/wt. $O_3$). Even though the injection of $H_2O_2$ had an effect on color removal, the color removal rates from $O_3$ alone and from $O_3/H_2O_2$ were similar up to the initial $O_3$-demand stage with an application of 0 ~ 40 mg/L $O_3$. In conclusion, it was found that the $O_3$ followed by the $O_3/H_2O_2$ serial process, the method injecting $H_2O_2$ after ozonation with $O_3$-demand (30 ~ 40 mg/L) in the first stage, is the most appropriate process for effective color removal from leather-dyeing wastewater.