• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2007

Bulb color in onions (Allium cepa) is an important trait whose complex inheritance mechanism involves epistatic interactions among major color-related loci. Recent studies revealed that inactivation of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway was responsible for the color differences between yellow and red onions, and two recessive alleles of the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene were responsible for a pink bulb color. Based on mutations in the recessive alleles of these two genes, PCR-based markers for allelic selection were developed. In this study, genotype analysis of onions from segregating populations was carried out using these PCR-based markers. Segregating populations were derived from the cross between yellow and red onions. Five yellow and thirteen pink bulbs from one segregating breeding line were genotyped for the two genes. Four pink bulbs were heterozygous for the DFR gene, which explains the continuous segregation of yellow and pink colors in this line. Most pink onions were homozygous recessive for the ANS gene, except for two heterozygotes. This finding indicated that the homozygous recessive ANS gene was primarily responsible for the pink color in this line. The two pink onions, heterozygous for the ANS gene, were also heterozygous for the DFR gene, which indicated that the pink color was produced by incomplete dominance of a red color gene over that of yellow. One pink line and six other segregating breeding lines were also analyzed. The genotyping results matched perfectly with phenotypic color segregation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 1994

Dicofol susceptible two-spotted spider mite(S) which was selected by 150 times of dicofol treatment showed 27 5-fold increase in resistance as compared to S strain. Inheritance of resistance and crossresistance in selected strain($R_d$) were investigated. There were differences oi susceptibility in the dicofol concentmtion-moltaliity relationships between $F_1$ progenies (R♀, XS♂, R♂, XS♀) obtained from reciprocal cross with the S strain and $R_d$, strain. Degree of dominance of the $F_1$ progenies (R♀, XS♂, R♂, XS♀) were -0.29 and -0.72 in adult females and -0.42 and -0.93 in adult males, respectively. These results suggest that inheritance of dicofol resistance is controlled by an incomplete recessive. $R_d$ strain exhibited a high level of cross resistance to amitraz, and also showed cross resistance to pyrethrotd acaricides, acrinathrin and bifenthnn. $R_d$ strain showed non-cross reslstancz to abamectin, chlolfenson, clofentezine, cyhexatm, fenbutatin oxlde, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, monocrotophos, propargite and tetradifon, but negatively correlated cross-resistance to azocyclotin and fenbutatin oxide belonging to tin acaricides.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.1 s.46
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• pp.15-20
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• 1981

To analyze the inheritance of emergence rate of brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) biotypes, six crosses among biotype 1, biotype 2 induced by rearing on Mudgo and biotype 3 these on ASD 7, were made. Each generation $(P_1,\;P_2,\;F_l\; F_2,\;BC_1,\;BC_2)$ of each cross was fed on the rice seedlings of Mudgo and ASD 7 varieties. The emergence rate of biotpe 2 on Mudgo was controlled by the one incomplete dominant gene in $biotype\;l{\times}biotype$ 2 coross, however, that of biotype 3 on ASD 7 was controlled by one incomplete recessive gene in $biotype\;l{\times}biotype$ 3 cross. The genes involved in biotype 2 and biotype 3 were not identical, however, their allelic relations are not clear.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2005

The development of resistance to bifenazate (resistance ratio of egg=40.3 folds) was found in population of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, collected from rose greenhouses in Chilgok, Gyeongbuk Province in December 2000. This population was selected for 4 years with bifenazate treatment (over 150 times), and showed 248.8 folds increase in resistance as compared to susceptible (S) strain. Inheritance of bifenazate resistant strain (R) and cross resistance of this strain to 9 acaricides were investigated. There were differences of susceptibility in the bifenazate concentration-mortality relationships in F1 progenies obtained from reciprocal cross with the S and R strain $(R{\times}S,\;S{\times}R)$. Degrees of dominance were 0.48 and 0.94 in adult females and eggs of $R{\times}S$ and -0.85 and -0.17 in adult females and eggs of $S{\times}R$, respectively. Inheritance type in the F1 progeny of $R{\times}S$ was incomplete dominant, and F1 progeny of $S{\times}R$ was incomplete recessive. These results suggest that inheritance of bifenazate resistance is controlled by a complete dominance. The R strain exhibited cross resistance to acequinocyl and fenpyroximate in adult females, and amitraz, emamectin benzoate, fenpyroximate, milbemectin, pyridaben and spirodiclofen in eggs. However they showed negatively correlated cross-resistance to emamectin benzoate and milbemectin in adult females, and abamectin in eggs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.669-674
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• 2005

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a disorder in which the secretion of antidiuretic hormone is normal, but the response of the renal collecting tubules to vasopressin is impaired. Compared with acquired NDI (a-NDI), which is secondary to chronic bilateral incomplete urinary tract obstruction with hydronephrosis, congenital NDI (c-NDI) is a very rare heritable disorder that usually follows the X- linked recessive pattern. Clinical symptoms of c-NDI can be non specific, and often the disease ultimately results in failure to thrive, or mental retardation. Recently, the diagnosis can be confirmed by direct sequencing analysis of the peripheral blood specimens. The long-term results of treatment for c-NDI are not satisfactory. Reports on the follow up of c-NDI cases are rare and there is no report on the cases treated with combinations of three drugs. We report herein a case of severe c-NDI in an 8 year-old-boy with a severely dysconfigurated urinary tract system. The patient and his mother showed a frameshift mutation on the AVPR2 gene on chromosome Xq28:.847_851delTGCTG (p.C283fsX90). The patient showed normal growth and development by treatment with combinations of hydrochlorothiazide ($65mg/m^2$), amiloride (0.3 mg/kg/d) and indomethacin ($100mg/m^2$), yet after five years he needed adjuvant cystostomy to relieve him from the residual symptoms of urgency with polyuria.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

Development of 3,700 folds resistance to etoxazole was found in the population of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, collected from rose greenhouses in Buyo, Chungnam Provience in August 2000. This population was selected for 3yr with etoxazole to get 5,000,000 folds increase in resistance as compared to susceptible (S) strain. The etoxazole resistance was stablized for 16 months under the condition of no acaricide application. Inheritance and cross resistance in etoxazole to some acaricides of the etoxazole resistance strain (R) were investigated. There were differences of susceptibility in the etoxazole concentration-mortality relationships between $F_1$, $F_2$ progenies obtained from reciprocal cross with the S and R strains (R$_{♂}$${\times}$S$_{♂}$${\times}$R$_{♂}$). Degrees of dominance were 0.98 and 0.98 in $F_1$ and $F_2$ progenies of R$_{♂}$${\times}$S$_{♂}$, and -0.97 and -0.68 in $F_1$ and $F_2$ progenies of S$_{♀}$${\times}$R$_{♂}$ respectively. Inheritance in $F_1$ and $F_2$ progenies of R$_{♀}$${\times}$S$_{♂}$ were complete dominant. However $F_1$ and $F_2$ progenies of S$_{♀}$${\times}$R$_{♂}$ were incomplete recessive. These results suggest that inheritance of etoxazole resistance is controlled by a complete dominance. The R strain exhibited cross resistance to acequinocyl and emamectin benzoates in adult females, and milbemectin, amitraz and pyridaben in eggs. However they showed negatively correlated cross-resistance to bifenazate, a carbazate acaricide. These results may indicate bifenazate could be useful for the control of etoxazole resistant T. urticae population.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2007

The development of resistance to acequinocyl was found in the population of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, collected from rose greenhouses in Gimhae, Gyeongnam province in January 2001. This pest is reared on 5 years treated with acequinocyl (over 200 times), and increased 87.8 folds in resistance as compared to susceptible strain (S). Inheritance of acequinocyl resistant strain (R) and cross resistance of this strain to 8 acaricides against T. urticae adults and eggs was investigated. There were differences of susceptibility in the acequinocyl concentration-mortality relationships in $F_1$ progenies obtained from reciprocal cross with the S and R strain ($S(female){\times}R(male)$, $R(female){\times}S(male)$). Degrees of dominance were -0.75, -0.57 in $F_1$ progenies of adult and egg of $S(female){\times}R(male)$. Inheritance in $F_1$ progenies of $S(female){\times}R(male)$ was incomplete recessive. Degree of dominance were 0.81, 0.45 in $F_1$ progenies of adult and egg of $R(female){\times}S(male)$, respectively. These results suggest that inheritance of acequinocyl resistance is controlled by a complete dominance. The R strain exhibited cross resistance of 1.1 and 0.9 fold to amitraz, bifenazate, and negatively correlated cross resistance of 0.08 fold to emamectin benzoate in adult females. The R strain showed cross resistance of 37.7, 14.0, and 26.2 fold to amitraz, milbemectin and spriodiclofen in eggs, respectively. Particularly it showed high levels of cross-resistance to pyridaben with 6538.3 fold. These chemicals showed negatively correlated cross-resistance exhibited 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 fold to ahamectin, bifenazate, and emamectin benzoate in eggs.