• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2002

This study compared the financial status between the employed-elderly households and the unemployed-elderly households, focused on income adequacy, expenditure adequacy and net wealth adequacy. Using data from 1997 KHPS, the lower financial status of the unemployed elderly households were found. Nine measures of financial status were used : income, per capita income, income-to-needs ratio, expenditure, per capita expenditure, expenditure-to-needs ratio, net wealth, net wealth-to-income ratio and net wealth- to-expenditure ratio. The results of this study showed that unemployed elderly households had 68%~77% of income adequacy and 72%~83% of expenditure adequacy for employed elderly households. Holding for gender, age, education, earners in the household, living area and home ownership constant, although the gap was getting smaller, significant differences between the unemployed-elderly households and the employed-elderly households were persisted. The result of this study indicated that the unemployed-elderly households and the employed-elderly households can not be regarded ac homogeneous group when public policies are developed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.283-292
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of expenditure adequacy of eldery households. Data for this study were collected from 2002 House Income and Expenditure Survey of Korea National Statistical Office, which is consisting of a sample of 918 eldery households. Expenditure adequacy was investigated by the Spending to Income ratio and Expenditure to Minimum standard of living ratio. The results showed that 48% of households spent more than 100% of their taken-home income or less than the minimum standard of living. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of expenditure adequacy. Gender, age, education, job status, family size, and level of income were significant determinants of spending to income ratio and Expenditure to Minimum standard of living ratio. Family size had negative effect on expenditure adequacy, householder's job status and the level of income had positive relationship with it.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.12 s.202
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• pp.93-106
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• 2004

This study examines the economic status and effect variables of expenditure of single elderly households using the 1996 Expenditure Survey of Urban Families from the Korea National Office. This study examined gender differences in total house income, expenditure and effect variables of expenditure. The results show that women had lower economic condition than men and that income is the most effective variable of expenditure for both. The result imply the need of employment and active support to improve household income especially for women who have a higher possibility of poverty.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.135-159
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics and economic status of deficit households compared to surplus households. Data from The Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005 by NSO and 50, 207 salary/wage earners' households were used for the analysis. The statistical methods used were GLM, logit, and cluster analyses. The analysis results showed that 25.3 percent of the households were deficit households. Approximately half of the lowest 20% income group were deficit households. Income deficit households earned 1, 273 thousand less than that of surplus households, whereas consumption of deficit households was 1, 006 thousand more than that of surplus households. The average propensity of consumption of deficit households was 142.1. According to the logit analysis, factors contributing to the probability of belonging to a deficit household included income level, household size, age and educational level, occupation, homeownership, car ownership, and wife's employment status. Deficit households were classified into 5 types: 1) health care expenditure-dominated group, 2) housing expenditure-dominated group, 3) education expenditure-dominated group, 4) money transfer-dominated group, and 5) overall-overconsumption group. The overall-overconsumption group was the largest group of all at 58.5%. It was found that for all five groups, the changes in household size, income group, home ownership, and occupation of the individual were variables that influenced the probability of belonging to a certain group.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare the financial status between Aged Households and Non-aged households. The sample obtained from 1993 KHPS, consisted of 3,425 Korean married couples including 2,915 of non-aged households and 510 aged households. Statistics employed for the analysis were frequencies percentile and t-test And Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to compare the financial status of two groups. The results of this study were as follows. First financial status of aged households specially annual total income annual current income earned income and annual total expenditure were lower than those of non-aged households. Second Gini-coefficients of aged households' income and expenditure were greater than expenditure of them. Moreover Gini-coefficients of aged households' total asset and total debt were greater than those of non-aged households' However total asset of aged and non-aged households were smaller than total debt of two groups.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.84-87
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• 2017

Catastrophic healthcare expenditure refers to out-of-pocket spending for healthcare exceeding a certain proportion of a household's income and can lead to subsequent impoverishment. The aim of this study was to investigate the proportion of South Korean households that experienced catastrophic healthcare expenditure between 2006 and 2015 using available data from the Korea Health Panel, National Survey of Tax and Benefit, and Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Frequencies and trend tests were conducted to analyze the proportion of households with catastrophic healthcare expenditure. Subgroup analysis was performed based on income level. The results of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey revealed that around 2.88% of households experienced catastrophic healthcare expenditure in 2015 and that this proportion was highest in the low income group. Results also showed a statistically significant increasing trend in the number of households with catastrophic healthcare expenditure (annual percentage change= 0.92%, p-value < 0.0001). Therefore, the findings infer a need to strengthen public health care financing and to particularly monitor catastrophic healthcare expenditure in the low income group.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.183-196
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the discretionary consumption expenditure of Korean urban housewives and the factors contributing to the discretionary consumption expenditure. 535 housewives living in Seoul and Gyungki district were selected and frequencies percentile means standard deviation and multiple-regression analysis were utilized. The results of this study were as follows: First the monthly discretionary consumption expenditure of Korean urban housewives was 592,500won. Particularly the level of clothing expenditure for urban housewives of 135,700won was found to be the highest expenditure among other discretionary expenditures while the level of transportation expenditure of 68,100won was found to be the lowest expenditure. Second educational attainment employment status conspicuous tendency of consumption and contribution to household economic of urban housewives husband's job the number of children monthly income debt ownership and home ownership were ignificant variables on each category of discretionary consumption expenditure while age future economic expectation egion and total asset were not significant variables. Third employment status conspicuous tendency of consumption husband's job the number of children monthly income and debt ownership were related to discretionary consumption expenditure of Korean urban housewives.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 2023

This study investigated how COVID-19 imparted the fashion expenditure of households in Korea. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the ratio of fashion expenditure to household income and the ratio of fashion expenditure to household consumption expenditure were estimated using secondary data of national statistics. The household income and expenditure data in Korea were extracted from 2018 to 2021. The household was categorized by generations such as gen Z, gen M, gen X, Baby Boomer, and Silent generation, and the household income status was identified by the income quintile. The outcome revealed that the ratio of fashion usage expenditure to income decreased following COVID-19 equated to before COVID-19 and revealed the significant differences by income quintile. The ratio of fashion consumption to household expenditure significantly differed between the pre-COVID-19 and the post-COVID-19. The difference in the ratio of fashion consumption to household expenditure was important by generations, and it was not affirmed by the income quintile.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

This study examined the determinants of urban households' expenditures on alcoholic beverages, using double-hurdle models to distinguish between the decision to purchase (purchase decision) and the decision of how much to consume (expenditure decision). Data for this study were drawn from the 2000 Korean Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Households were likely to purchase alcoholic beverages with increasing of household income, tobacco expenditures, and household size. The age, sex, marital status, occupation, education level, type of house ownership, residing city were significantly related to the purchase decisions. Among those households which drink, as household income and tobacco expenditures increase, the age, sex (male), marital status (married), and education level of a household-head, house ownership, residing city (Seoul) were positively related to and the presence of young children were negatively related to the expenditure level of alcoholic beverages.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.81-93
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of household income drops on household economic status during economic crisis periods. Using the data taken from Korean Household Panel Study for 1996 and 1998, it was investigated how household income change affected household income, expenditure, and assets/debt. The economic status change of the income-decreased group was compared with that of the income-increased group. The major findings were as follows: Average income of the total sample was 1,905 thousand won in 1996, while 1,419 thousand won in 1998. The household of which income was decreased during the period was 65.1% of total sample. Average income of the group was reduced from 2,263 thousand won to 1,239 thousand won. Among income sources, the amount of income from real asset was found to be the highest decreasing rate, and the amounts of both business and employed-work income were reduced almost up to an half of those in two years ago. The amounts for all expenditure categories were also decreased with decreasing household income. Especially the expenditures for food away from home, leisure, durable, recreation, and vehicle-related expense were found to have the highest income elasticity. The households with decreased income were found to reduce household expenditures by 377 thousand won per month, which was 70.9% of that in 1996. Decreases in household income resulted in decreases in net wealth by 10,170 thousand won. With decreases in household income, the amounts of total insurance and private savings such as gye were decreased, and so were the amounts of real assets and monetary assets.