• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.53-83
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• 2023

The investment agreement prepared at the beginning of inter-Korean economic cooperation in 2000 can be evaluated as very ineffective as a product of mutual political and diplomatic compromise rather than an effective protection for our investment assets. South Korean companies suffered a lot of losses due to the freezing of assets in the Geumgang mountain district and the closure of the Kaeseung Industrial Complex, but they did not receive practical damage relief due to institutional vulnerabilities. Currently, North Korea is under international economic sanctions of the UN Security Council, so it is true that the resumption of inter-Korean economic cooperation is far away, but North Korea's human resources and geographical location are still attractive investment destinations for us. Therefore, if strained relations between the two Koreas recover in the future and international economic sanctions on North Korea are eased, Korean companies' investment in North Korea will resume. However, the previous inter-Korean investment agreement system was a fictional systemthat was ineffective. Therefore, if these safety devices are not reorganized when economic cooperation resumes, unfair damage to Korean companies will be repeated again. The core of the improved investment guarantee system is not a bilateral system between the two Koreas, but the establishment of a multilateral system through North Korea's inclusion in the international economy. Specifically, it includes encouraging North Korea to join international agreements for the execution of arbitration decisions, securing subrogation rights through membership of international insurance groups such as MIGA, creating matching funds by international financial organizations. Through this new approach, it will be possible to improve the safety of Korean companies' investment in North Korea, and ultimately, it will be necessary to lay the foundation for mutual development through economic cooperation between the two Koreas.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.53-68
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• 2023

Some observers call current conflicts in international relations as a new Cold War. But the characteristics of the new Cold War are more complicated than that of the Cold War. Under this condition, Korean government established the 2^nd Basic Plan for Public Diplomacy in 2022. Compared with the 1^st Basic Plan, the 2^nd plan shows several progress such as expansion of items for knowledge (public) diplomacy and inclusion of global value as a part of public diplomacy for policy. The 2^nd plan also emphasizes digital public diplomacy as a tool for enhancing the Korean government's public diplomacy. Despite substantial progress, the plan does not suggest definite and reliable global values as a part of Korean public diplomacy for policy. This study provides several important points to develop Korea's public diplomacy in a new Cold War.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.179-189
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• 2014

Pyroprocessing has been developed for the purpose of resolving the current spent nuclear fuel management issue and enhancing the recycle of valuable resources. An electrolytic reduction of the pyroprocessing is a process to reduce oxides into metals using LiCl as an electrolyte and requires a post-treatment process due to the inclusion of residual salt in porous metal products. A vacuum distillation has been adopted for various molten salt systems and could be applied to the post-treatment process of the electrolytic reduction. The residual salt in the metal products includes LiCl, alkali chlorides, and alkaline earth chlorides. In this paper, vapor pressures of chlorides have been estimated and the composition changes on the residual liquid during the vacuum distillation process have been calculated. A model combining a material balance and vapor-liquid equilibrium relations has been proposed under a constant vapor discharging flow rate and liquid composition changes have been calculated using the vapor pressures with respect to a dimensionless time. The behaviors have been compared with temperature and molten salt composition changes to simulate the process condition variation. The distillation of the residual salt has been dominated by LiCl which is the main component of the salt and CsCl of which vapor pressure is higher than that of LiCl would be readily removed. RbCl exhibits similar vapor pressure with LiCl and maintains its composition. However, $SrCl_2$ and $BaCl_2$ of which vapor pressures are much lower than that of LiCl are concentrated with time and expected to be possibly precipitated during the distillation when the initial compositions are increased.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.478-487
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• 2017

In recent years, developed countries have begun to pay attention to female workers through work-family balance in order to solve the problem of low fertility and aging. Korea has been building and running a women leaders database (hereafter, women leaders DB) centered on the female professionals since 2011. In particular, the Incheon women leader DB, which was built by Incheon city in 2009, is a classic example. As of 2015, about 2,735 people are registered in Incheon Women Leaders DB and it is systematically creating the database such as age, education, career years, major, occupation, and certification. However, there are administrative problems such as unspecified definition on professionalism and data trust issues including data entry, and DB personnels are concentrated in specific fields. Also, in the case of certification proving expertise, the utilization problem has been revealed including inclusion of private certification not yet verified. In order to solve these problems, we first need to clarify the concept of women leaders and establish the standard. The second is the improvement of data consistency through DB reorganization, and third is to build a system through continuous and active public relations that is used by both job seekers and recruiters.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Purpose: Helicopter parenting is an emerging concept as a way of rearing adolescents and adult children. However, helicopter parenting from a nursing perspective has not been elucidated. Therefore, we undertook a concept analysis to understand the attributes, antecedents and consequences of helicopter parenting in the context of nursing. Methods: Using Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis, we analyzed literature on helicopter parenting to discover critical attributes, antecedents, and consequences of this phenomenon. Data were collected from seven electronic search engines. Twelve studies matching inclusion criteria were reviewed. Results: Three core attributes of helicopter parenting were hovering, highly deep involvement, and proxy decision making. The antecedents and consequences were retrieved from three important domains including social, parent, and child aspects. Surrogate terms were black hawk, hummingbird, and hovercraft parenting, and related terms were stealth fighter and Kamikaze parenting. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, helicopter parenting has both positive and negative effects on both children and parents. To enhance the positive effects, measurement tools for helicopter parenting and nursing interventions on parenting need to be developed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the occlusal relationships of primary dentition of Korean preschool children in Hwaseong city. Total 444 children of age group between 2 and 5 years were selected. One pediatric dentist took intraoral photos of children. Evaluation and categorization of the primary molar relationships were done by single examiner. Statistical analysis was performed with Pearson chi-squared test. Total 389 samples, which is consisted of 185 boys, 204 girls were satisfied with inclusion criteria. Bilateral mesial step was seen in 61.7%. Bilateral flush terminal plane was seen in 15.4%. When the primary molar relations of the right and left sides were not the same, the combination of the mesial step and flush terminal plane was 14.7%. The present study provides insight into occlusal relationships in the primary dentition of 2 - 5 years old of Korean children in Hwaseong city. Pediatric dentists should understand occlusal relationships of primary dentition for establishment of appropriate treatment strategies and occlusal guidance.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 1987

Samples showing mosaic symptom of cowpea (Vigna sesquipedalis) with vein banding, chlorotic spot, vein yellow were collected from Chinju areas in Korea, Two viruses were distinguishable by stability in sap, host range, and relations with cells and tissues were examined under an electron microscope, Blackeye cowpea mosaic(BICMV) was sap-transmissible to 7 plant species in 2 families, Of the plants, only leguminous species were systemically infected. This virus was inactivated by heating at $50-65^{\circ}C$ for 10 min, by diluting at $10^{-4}-10^{-5}$, and aging at room temperature for 1-6 days. Preparations examined under the electron microscope by direct negative staining method(DN -method) always showed particles of flexuous filament bout 750nm in length and cytopasmic inclusions. Cytoplasmic inclusions and virus particles were also confirmed to present in the cytoplasm of a mesophyll cell by ultrathin sections of BICMV infected cowpea leaves. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was transmitted by sap- inoculation on inoculated leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa producing local lesions, but non-inoculated upper leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa, Cucurbita pepo and Vigna sesquipedalis producting systemic mosaic symptoms. Electron microscopic examination of virus preparation by direct negative staining showed spherical particles of about 30nm in diameter. In ultrathin sections of CMV infected tissues, virus particles of crystalline array were found in the vacuole and a large number of virus particles were found in the cytoplasm and the plasmodesmata of mesophyll cells.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the previous studies done on the child-care teacher's turnover intentions. From 2001 to 2011, 33 articles which reforted primary empirical data met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The results of this study are as follo ws: First, included in the main factors related to child-care teachers' turnover intentions were a job-related variable, an organizational internal variable and an organizational external variable. Second, the most influential protective variable related to the child-care teacher's turnover intentions among the set of organizational external variables was work-time followed by welfare, education and training, remuneration, social recognition and promotion system. Third, the most influential protective variable related to child-care teachers' turnover intentions among the set of job-related variables was teacher efficacy followed by job satisfaction, participation of decision making, performance, work-autonomy and work-professionalism. Fourth, the most influential protective variable related to the child-care teacher's turnover intentions among the set of organizational internal variables was personal relations followed by relationships with the director and relationships with colleagues. The effect size of these variables was large. Fifth, the results of meta-regression analysis revealed that the survey area and years had no significant effect on overall effect sizes.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.949-969
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the share of global citizenship education in the 2009 Revised Social Studies (geography area) School Curriculum of the Republic of Korea. I selected the achievement standards of the geography domain in the fifth and sixth grades as the subjects of analysis. The chosen subjects were examined using content analysis: I used KrKwic, a Korean language content analysis tool, to analyze the content and drew a semantic network of the analysis results using UciNet/NetDraw. I found that the geography domain of the 2009 Revised Primary School Curriculum included the concepts of and factors of global citizenship education. However, global citizenship education did not account for a major portion of the curriculum, and the curriculum achievement standards were noticeably nation-state centered. Global citizenship education factors were not closely associated with to other related factors in fact, they even revealed a isolated pattern. These findings suggest that the inclusion of global citizenship education in primary geography education is limited, because the connections between global citizenship education and related contents, such as the environment, sustainable development, conflict, and cooperation, are probably impeded. Globalization accompanies the transformation of territories, identities, and the relations between nation-states and the world, although nation-states continue to play a significant role in the globalized worlds. Therefore global citizenship education, a educational trend focusing on the global community, is particularly important and is required in the geography curriculum of the global era. I expect that the examination undertaken in this study to contribute to future curriculum revisions regarding globalizatin and global citizenship.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.379-386
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• 2007

Hado(河圖) and Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$(書洛) are the diagrams composed of the symbols of numbers from one to ten. And the eight-trigrams, P'al-gwoe divide into two types one is a priori eight-trigrams (先夭八卦) or the Bok-Hui's eight trigrams(伏羲八卦); and the other is a posterior eight trigrams (後夭八卦) or the king Mun's eight trigrams (文王八卦). Relating these two diagrams of Hado and Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ with the two types of eight trigrams, they are said to be a term of Ha-Lak-Hui-Mun (HLHM). Each of HLHM represents the process of creating and changing of 'heaven and Earth' and every beingby the symbols of numbers and trigrams. In other words, each of HLHM symbolizes the origin and the structure of the universe as well as the birth of every life represented in the diagram of theosophany (福智學) or Kabbalah. HLHM are also regarded as the origin of l-ching or Book of Change. Hado produces Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ through the principle of yin-yang(陰陽). Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ produces a priori eight trigrams through the zigzag shapes which means Heaven and Earth are mutually responding. And a priori eight trigrams produce a posteriori eight trigrams through the triangle principle of connecting Heaven and Earth. In this process, Hado and a priori eight trigrams are respectively prior to Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$ and a posteriori eight trigrams. HLHM represent fractal shape resembling the symbol of five on the center of Hado, or Hado itself. In the dynamic process of HLHM, a diagram of Circle, Quadrangle, and Triangle (CQT) is produced as follows: Circle, the symbol of 'infinify' or Heaven, represents the origin of life or birth. Hadois the symbol of creation. Quadrangle, the symbol of Earth, represents that Laks${\u{\lrcorner}}$is scattered into four directions of front, back, left, and rifht. Quadrangle, which is immovable, represents materiality. Triangle, being described from the eight trigrams, means the movements of the process of 'mutual inclusion' of Circle and Quadrangle. Triangle also means the process of harmonizing human beings with natural law.