• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.689-695
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in vitro human digestion on the antioxidant activity of blueberry leaf extracts (BLE) in emulsion-type sausages (ETS). Leaves from four cultivars of blueberries (Bluecrop, Bluegold, Duke, and Northland) collected from a wild blueberry farm were extracted with 80% ethanol. ETS were prepared with 0.2% BLE. The samples were then passed through an in vitro human digestion system which simulates the composition of the mouth, stomach, and small intestine juice. Only one phenolic compound (chlorogenic acid) was detected in the BLE. Northland BLE had appreciably higher amounts of chlorogenic acid than that of other BLE, both before and after in vitro human digestion. Antioxidant activity of any BLE was not influenced by in vitro human digestion, whereas the antioxidant activity of chlorogenic acid standard increased in response to in vitro human digestion in both 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). In the present study, the antioxidant activities of the BLE were not strongly influenced by in vitro human digestion, and the antioxidant activity depended on the chlorogenic acid content of ETS. Thus, compounds from blueberry leaves may have important applications in the future as natural antioxidants for meat products.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1986

In order to study the antioxidative action of the effectient garlic components, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were compared through the in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS : 1. Observing the effects on peroxidase activity of efficient components in vitro, garlic oil, alliin and ethanol fraction showed effective, which was similar to the trend of TBA value, peroxide value and induction time for the first period of lipoperoxide formation in vitro. 2. In vivo experiment with peroxidase activity, the ethanol fraction and garlic oil were effective when intraperitoneally administered as well as orally administered. 3. Considering the superoxide disutase activity in vitro, the garlic oil, alliin and ethanol fraction were effective in efficient components. But non-kaolin fraction inhibited the activity on the contrary. 4. In terms of the efefcts on superoxide dismutase activity in vivo, alliin and garlic oil wee effective in intraperitoneal adminstraton and the ethanol fraction and alliin in oral administration.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 1986

The present study was attempted to investigate the effects of polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine and spermine on protein content and DNase activity in vivo and in vitro in carrot embryos. It was also investigated whether polyamines could replace role of cations required for DNase activity in vitro. The results obtained are as follows. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine increased protein content, although response to spermine reached plateau at the concentration of 0.1 mM. DNase activity was inhibited by polyamines, the inhibition being concentration-dependent and the highest att he concentration of 10 mM. The inhibition of DNase activity was the most prominent with spermine. Similar inhibitory effect to polyamines which was concentration-dependent was found in DNase activity but no change was shown on time-course in vitro. Putrescine and spermidine enhanced the DNase activity at low Mg2+ and Mn2+ concentrations, suggesting that the role of Mg2+ and Mn2+ for DNase activity could be, in part, replaced by these polyamines. These results, therefore, suggest that plyamines can modulate DNase activity through binding to DNA rather than direct effect on DNase activity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2009

Pterocarpus marsupium, Clitoria ternatea, and Sanseveiria cylindrica are some of the important and endangered medicinal plant species of India. Despite of medicinal properties, antibacterial potential of the plants have not yet been explored. The present study was designed to optimize the in vitro technique for micropropagation and to screen the extracts from leaves and in vitro raised calli for antibacterial properties. Excised leaf-explants from the parent plants were surface sterilized and cultivated on Murashige & Skoog's (MS) medium containing $N^6$-benzyladenine (BA) in concentrations of 1, 2, 5, and $10{\mu}M$. Optimal growth of calli was noticed at a concentration of $5{\mu}M$, therefore the extracts from calli grown at this concentration were further studied for antibacterial activity. Both alcoholic and aqueous extracts from leaves of respective plants, and their in vitro raised calli were tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Aqueous extracts showed antibacterial activity against limited number of bacterial species; notably the extracts of C. ternatea which showed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Alcoholic extracts of all three plants showed antibacterial activity against a wider range of bacteria. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, extracts from C. ternatea showed strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus spp., whereas the extracts of S. cylindrica showed good antibacterial potential for Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. The extracts from all three plants showed antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including, Salmonella spp. and Shigella dysenteriae; organisms causing enteric fever and dysentery. In most of the cases, the extracts from respective calli showed comparable, and in some cases better, result in comparison to the extracts from parent leaves. To the best of our knowledge this is the first preliminary report on antibacterial potential, especially through calli extracts, of these plants; and in vitro cultivation of the explants may be used to obtain phytotherapeutic compounds.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1054-1058
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the direct effect of estrogenic compounds in oriental herbal medicines, the estrogenic activity was measured using an in vitro detection system. For this system, human breast cancer cell line MCF7 was transfected using an estrogen responsive CAT reporter plasmid. Estrogenic activities of Platycodi radix, Astragali radix and Glycyrrhizae radix were evaluated using this system. Estrogenic activity of a 500 ㎍/ml ethanol extract of Platycodi radix was as same as that of a 10/sup -8/ M standard solution (17β-estradiol) and activity of a 50 ㎍/ml ethanol extract was between those of a 10/sup -8/ M and a 10/sup -9/ M standard solutions. In addition, estrogenic activity of a 50 ㎍/ml ethanol extract of Platycodi radix was as same as that of a 10/sup -10/ M standard solution. The same activity patterns were observed in the system which was treated by Astragali radix or Glycyrrhizae radix extracts. The most effective activity was observed in a system which was treated by Platycodi radix extract, but the least activity was observed by Glycyrrhizae radix extract. In this result, it was confirmed that Platycodi radix, Astragali radix and Glycyrrhizae radix extracts possess estrogenic compounds.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.67-68
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• 2009

Antifungal activity of celery essential oil against Malassezia furfur was investigated using broth microdilution and vapor contact methods. Potent antifungal activity was evident using both methods. Fungicidal activity was revealed in the vapor contact method.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.393-399
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• 2004

For the efficient determination of activity against solid tumors, an in vitro tumor model that resembles the condition of in vivo solid tumors, is required. The purpose of this study was to establish a rapid culture method and viability assay for an in vitro 3-dimensional tumor model, multicellular spheroid (MCS). Among 12 human cancer cell lines, a few cell lines including DLD-1 (human colorectal carcinoma cells) formed fully compact MCS which was adequate for in vitro viability assay. DLD-1 MCS showed steady growth reaching $700\;{\mu}m$ diameter after 11 day culture. DLD-1 cells grown as MCS showed significant increase in $G_0/G_1$ phase compared to the monolayer cells (73.9% vs 45.7%), but necrotic regions or apoptotic cells were not observed. The cells cultured as MCS showed resistance to 5-FU (10.3 fold higher $IC_{50}$) compared to monolayers, however, tirapazamine (a hypotoxin) showed similar activity in both culture systems. In summary, MCS may be a valid in vitro model for activity screening of anticancer agents against human solid tumors and also exploitable for studying molecular markers of drug resistance in human solid tumors.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of Chaturmukha rasa based on streptozotocin induced diabetes model, alpha amylase inhibitory activity, alpha Glucosidase inhibitory activity and inhibition of sucrase. Methods: Chaturmukha rasa was prepared as per Ayurvedic formulary. Antidiabetic activity was measured in experimentally streptozotocin induced rats. The dose was taken as 45 mg/kg, i.p. The antidiabetic activity of Chaturmukha rasa was compared Triphala Kwatha, a marketed formulation. Further In vitro $\acute{\alpha}$- Amylase Inhibitory Assay, In vitro salivary amylase Inhibitory Assay, In vitro ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ Inhibitory Assay and In vitro Sucrase Inhibitory Assay was performed with respect to Chaturmukha rasa. The IC50 value was calculated for all the above activity. Results: Streptozotocin with Acarbose showed significant decrease in blood glucose level whereas streptozotocin with Triphala kwatha showed more decrease in blood glucose level than Streptozotocin with Acarbose. The combination of Streptozotocin + Triphala kwatha + Chaturmukha rasa showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level on 21st day. In vitro $\acute{\alpha}$- Amylase Inhibitory Assay the Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value $495.94{\mu}l$ when compared with Acarbose $427.33{\mu}l$, respectively. In the ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ Inhibitory Assay Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value $70.93{\mu}l$ when compared with Acarbose $102.28{\mu}l$, respectively. In vitro Sucrase Inhibitory Assay Chaturmukha rasa showed IC50 value $415.4{\mu}l$ when compared with Acarbose $371.43{\mu}l$, respectively. Conclusion: This study supports that Chaturmukha rasa may inhibit diabetes by inhibition of salivary amylase or alpha Glucosidase or sucrase. This may be the mechanism by which Chaturmukha rasa inhibits diabetes. Further this study supports the usage of Chaturmukha rasa for the management of diabetes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.379-389
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• 1993

Several studies have shown that extracts from yellow-green vegetables reveal antitumor activities. In the present study we investigated the effect of phytol in order to elucidate the immunological mechanism of antitumor activity of this substance. The results obtained from the experiment as follows: 1) Phytol showed cytotoxic effect on sarcoma 180 cells in vitro. 2) When phytol was injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice transplanted with sarcoma 180 cells, the average survival time (24.0 days) tended to increase as compared with the nontreated control (19.2 days). 3) When sarcoma 180 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right groin of mice, and then phytol was injected into the peritoneal cavity, the tumor inhibition ratio was 33%. 4) The natural killer(NK) cell activity was significantly augmented by phytol in vitro and in vivo. Similar augmentations of NK cell activity were obtained with culture supernatants of phytol exposed spleen cells and peripheral blood mononuiclear cells. 5) Phytol on the macrophage from peritoneal cavity showed a higher effectiveness in vivo than in vitro. These results indicate that phytol shows the inhibitory effect for growth of sarcoma 180 cells in vitro, also it can augment macrophage and NK cell activities in vivo.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1353-1358
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• 2006

We investigated in vitro T-cell inhibitory activity and bioavailability of small chemical inhibitors for Lck SH2 domain, which had a different scaffold such as an amide bond, reduced amide bond, N-methyl amide bond, thioamide bond, and urethane bond. Each of these compounds, with its particular scaffold, showed a different logP value, stability against serum enzyme, stability in buffer solution, and in vitro T-cell inhibitory activity. Overall results indicated that the SH2 inhibitor containing urethane bond can be a new lead compound because of its superior bioavailability, potent in vitro T-cell inhibitory activity, and facile synthesis.