• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.506-515
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• 1985

The inhibitory effects of red-ginseng saponin hydrolyzates (prosapogenin, panaxadiol and panaxatriol) on lipoperoxide formation in vitro and in vivo were investigated and correlated with anti-aging. Saponin hydrolyzates showed the electron-donating ability (EDA) of 12.88 - 19.76% to DPPH in vitro, and the ability was distinctively decreased in order of prosapogenin, panaxatriol and panaxadiol. The induction period of saponin hydrolyzates, which was measured by the method of peroxide value (POV), was much longer than red-ginseng saponin and decreased in order of prosapogenin, panaxatriol and panaxadiol. The inhibitory effect of saponin, hydrolyzates in vivo was remarkably greater than control. In contrast to red-ginseng saponin, almost similar inhibitory effect in rat liver and kidney was observed, whereas they were much more effective than red-ginseng saponin in blood. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of saponin hydrolyzates in vitro was also measured, and the inhibitory effect of saponin hydrolyzates was found to be 24.2-36.4% and 2-3 times greater than that of red-ginseng saponin (12.1%). Saponin hydrolyzates showed the inhibitory effects of 11.2-21.6% and 12.9-22.2% in oral and intraperitioneal administrations, respectively. It was also found from the measurement of peroxidase activity that the inhibitory effects of saponin hydrolyzates were 111.4-139.6% in oral administration and 129.0-188.6% in intraperitoneal administration.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.82-85
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• 2007

The Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua is the source of the antimalarial compound artemisinin. By the way, Artemisin annula was known have endoperoxide ring structure is included and has anti-malarial effect. Malaria and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is belong to Apicomplexa genera. So, confirmed whether we go compound 1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane that have endoperoxide ring structure and there is anti-toxoplasmosis effect. The efficacy of 1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.2] nonane alone was examined in vitro and in a murine model of acute toxoplasmosis. In vitro studies were peformed with HeLa cell cultures, with quantification of Toxoplasma growth by a cell proliferation assay. Selectivity of 1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane was 4.9 in vitro cell proliferation assay, this is higher than sulfadiazine (selectivity was 1.63). For in vivo studies, mice were acutely infected intraperitoneally with 10$^5$ tachyzoites of the virulent RH strain and then treated perorally for 4 days from 6 hours postinfection. Efficacy was assessed by sequential determination of parasite burdens in peritoneal cavity. in vitro, 1,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane inhibited Toxoplasma growth at a concentration of 150mg/kg of body weight per day, the inhibition ratio was estimated to be 85.72%.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.512-523
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• 2018

Background: 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (20S-PPD) is a fully deglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite and has potent dermal antiaging activity. However, because of its low aqueous solubility and large molecular size, a suitable formulation strategy is required to improve its solubility and skin permeability, thereby enhancing its skin deposition. Thus, we optimized microemulsion (ME)-based hydrogel (MEH) formulations for the topical delivery of 20S-PPD. Methods: MEs and MEHs were formulated and evaluated for their particle size distribution, morphology, drug loading capacity, and stability. Then, the deposition profiles of the selected 20S-PPD-loaded MEH formulation were studied using a hairless mouse skin model and Strat-M membrane as an artificial skin model. Results: A Carbopol-based MEH system of 20S-PPD was successfully prepared with a mean droplet size of 110 nm and narrow size distribution. The formulation was stable for 56 d, and its viscosity was high enough for its topical application. It significantly enhanced the in vitro and in vivo skin deposition of 20S-PPD with no influence on its systemic absorption in hairless mice. Notably, it was found that the Strat-M membrane provided skin deposition data well correlated to those obtained from the in vitro and in vivo mouse skin studies on 20S-PPD (correlation coefficient $r^2=0.929-0.947$). Conclusion: The MEH formulation developed in this study could serve as an effective topical delivery system for poorly soluble ginsenosides and their deglycosylated metabolites, including 20S-PPD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.106-106
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• 2002

Several epidemiological studies suggested that arsenic exposure was strongly correlated with the development of cardiovascular disease such as hypertension. In order to examine whether arsenic affects vasomotor tone in blood vessels, we investigated the effect of arsenic on agonist-induced vasorelaxation using the isolated rat aortic rings in in vitro organ bath system.(omitted)

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.44-68
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• 2018

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the trend in the research on breast cancer using traditional Korean medicine (TKM) and establish the direction for further study. Methods: Breast cancer studies using Korean medicine were searched using the Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS). The search term was 'breast' and there was no restriction in year. The searched studies were analyzed according to the type of research. Results: 1. 83 studies were searched. The types and numbers of study were as follows: 42 were in vitro studies, 5 were in vivo studies, 12 were studies for review, and 27 were clinical research including case reports. 2. Various cell lines such as MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3, and MCF-10A were used for in vitro studies. The studies reported a decrease in cell viability, induction of apoptosis, and change of expression in cancer-related genes. In vivo studies also reported induction of apoptosis, and anti-proliferative activity of herbal medicine against the cancer cells. 3. Among the clinical research, 8 were cross-sectional studies, 3 were controlled-trial, and 15 were case reports. The baseline characteristics of breast cancer patients were analyzed in the cross-sectional studies. Interventions such as pharmacopuncture, herbal medicine, massage, Qi gong, acupuncture, electroacupuncture and moxibustion were used in clinical research. 4. Research on the review of breast cancer covered various subjects as follows: herbal medicine, acupuncture, pattern identification of breast cancer in traditional Korean medicine, analysis of previous experimental studies, and clinical trials. Conclusion: We have found the applicability of TKM for treatment of breast cancer through this review. It is necessary to conduct further studies, such as well-designed clinical trials based on the results from experimental research.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 1987

Dissolution characteristics and urinary excreted amount of commercially available three brands of sulfisoxazole tablets were investigated in order to elucidate the in vitro-in vivo correlations and relative bioavailability in humans. All the tablets tested met the K.P. IV and the USP XXI specifications for tablet weight variation, content uniformity, disintegration and dissolution. The disintegration and dissolution rate constants of sulfisoxazole tablets in pH 2.0 HCl-KCl buffer were reduced more significantly (p<0.05) than those in diluted HCl $(1{\rightarrow}12.5)$ and pH 6.5 phosphate buffer. It seemed to be attributed to the pH dependent solubility of sulfisoxazole. We could see that the relative bioavailability of brand B to sulfisoxazole powder was about 90% and that its value was higher than those of other two brands from the urinary excretion data obtained from eight healthy male volunteers by means of Latin square cross over design. No useful correlation was observed between the in vitro and in vivo studies in this experiment.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.331-338
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• 2003

A butyrolactone ester of cefazolin (CFZ-BTL) was synthesized by the esterification of cefazolin (CFZ) with $\alpha$-bromo-${\gamma}$-butyrolactone. The synthesis was confirmed by the spectroscopic analysis. The CFZ-BTL was more lipophilic than the CFZ when assessed by n-octanol/water partition coefficients at various pH. The CFZ-BTL itself did not show any antimicrobial activity in vitro, but after oral administration of CFZ-BTL to rabbits, exerted significant anti-microbial activity in serum samples when measured by the inhibion zone method in nutrient agar plates, due to conversion of CFZ-BTL to an active metabolite, probably CFZ, in the body. The CFZ-BTL was also converted into CFZ as confirmed by in vitro incubation study, with tissue homogenates (liver, blood and intestine) of rabbits. The liver showed the fastest conversion rate, probably via the hydrolysis mechanism. In vivo metabolism of CFZ-BTL to CFZ was also confirmed in vivo serum samples by HPLC. The oral bioavailability of CFZ-BTL in rabbits was 1.6-fold increased when compared to CFZ, resulting from followed by enhanced lipophilicity increased passive absorption in the intestine.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 1997

I. The Factors Influencing In Vivo Embryo Production by Condition of Superovulation Treatment These studies were carried out to establish an effective and practical system for comrnercialization of embryo production techniques by analyzing several factors influencing in vivo embryo production on superovulation treatment in Korean native cattle. In vivo embryos were flushed 226 times from 128 donors.The results obtained from the studies on the factors influencing in vivo embryo production by superovulation treatment were as follows : FSH-P had a significiant advantage(83.0%) over SUPER-OV in the percentage of fertilized embryos(P<0.01). No difference was found loetween FSH-P and SUPER-OV in the percentage of transferable and freezable embryos.2. The response of superovulation by SUPER-OV was greater than that of FSH-P The donors having 8~9 and more than 10 of corpora lutea(CL) derived by FSH-P were 40.0%(most frequent) and 33%, respectively. The donors having more than 12 and 10 CL derived by SUPER -OV were 33.3% (most frequent) and 56.6%, respectively.3. Embryo production after treatment of repeated superovulation was remarkablely decreased at 3rd time by FSH-P but did not differ among 1, 2 and 3rd times by SUPER-OV. Embryo production on intervals of repeated superovulation was significantly different for the number and percentage of fertilized, transferable and free-zable' embryos in FSH-P (P<0.01) and rernarkablely decreased in repeated superovulation of 81~120 interval days. The SUPER-OV showed no differences in interval days of repeated superovulation and was found better than FSH-P in the response of repeated superovulation. (Key words : in Vivo embryo, superovulation, FSH -P, SUPER-OV)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.477-486
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• 2017

Background: Our previous studies have demonstrated that ginsenoside-Rg1 can promote angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo through activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Furthermore, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling has shown that Rg1 can modulate the expression of a subset of miRNAs to induce angiogenesis. Moreover, Rb1 was shown to be antiangiogenic through activation of a different pathway. These studies highlight the important functions of miRNAs on ginseng-regulated physiological processes. The aim of this study was to determine the angiogenic properties of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KGE). Methods and Results: Combining in vitro and in vivo data, KGE at $500{\mu}g/mL$ was found to induce angiogenesis. According to the miRNA sequencing, 484 differentially expressed miRNAs were found to be affected by KGE. Among them, angiogenic-related miRNAs; miR-15b, -23a, -214, and -377 were suppressed by KGE. Meanwhile, their corresponding angiogenic proteins were stimulated, including vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and MET transmembrane tyrosine kinase. The miRNAs-regulated signaling pathways of KGE were then found by Cignal 45-Pathway Reporter Array, proving that KGE could activate GR. Conclusion: KGE was found capable of inducing angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro models through activating GR. This study provides a valuable insight into the angiogenic mechanisms depicted by KGE in relation to specific miRNAs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.572-575
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• 1998

Chitosan has been known to have hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects in animal studies. Chitosan also absorbs bile acids in vitro and in vivo, which might result in the hypocholesterolemic action. Trialkyl chitosan derivatives were prepared and tested for bile acid absorption activity in vitro. The derivatives showed enhanced absorption capacities which were comparable to cholestyramine.