• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.361-369
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• 2017

Background: The chemical constituents of Panax ginseng are changed by processing methods such as steaming or sun drying. In the present study, the chemical change of Panax ginseng induced by steaming was monitored in situ. Methods: Samples were separated from the same ginseng root by incision during the steaming process, for in situ monitoring. Sampling was sequentially performed in three stages; FG (fresh ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ SG (steamed ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ RG (red ginseng) and 60 samples were prepared and freeze dried. The samples were then analyzed to determine 43 constituents among three stages of P. ginseng. Results: The results showed that six malonyl-ginsenoside (Rg1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rb2) and 15 amino acids were decreased in concentration during the steaming process. In contrast, ginsenoside-Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(S, R)-Rg3 and Maillard reaction product such as AF (arginine-fructose), AFG (arginine-fructose-glucose), and maltol were newly generated or their concentrations were increased. Conclusion: This study elucidates the dynamic changes in the chemical components of P. ginseng when the steaming process was induced. These results are thought to be helpful for quality control and standardization of herbal drugs using P. ginseng and they also provide a scientific basis for pharmacological research of processed ginseng (Red ginseng).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.378-384
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• 2003

Mesophilically-grown granular sludge seeded in thermophilic UASB reactor was monitored to better understand the start-up process of the reactor. The reactor was fed with a synthetic wastewater containing glucose. As COD loading rate increased stepwise, methane production rate increased. Maximum values of COD removal efficiency (95%) and methane production rate (5.3 l/day) were achieved by approximately day-80 and remained constant afterward. However, physicochemical and microbial properties of granules kept changing even after day-80. Specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was initially negligible, and increased continuously until day-153 and remained constant afterward, showing the maximum value of $1.51{\pm}0.13\;g\;CH_4-COD/g$ VSS/day. Deteriorated settling ability of granules recovered the initial value by day-98 and was maintained afterward, as determined by sludge volume index. Initially reduced granule size increased until day-126, reaching a plateau of 1.1 mm. Combined use of fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) allowed to localize families of Methanosaetaceae and Merhanosarcinaceae in granules with time Quantitative analyses of CLSM images of granule sections showed abundance patterns of the methanogens and numerical dominance of Methanosaeta spp. throughout the start-up period. The trend of SMA agreed well with abundance patterns of the methanogens.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.469-481
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• 2013

The monitoring of a free surface generated by waterjet cutting technology is very important for an efficient construction process. In this study, experiments using a laser sensor were performed to provide a data processing method and to determine optimized parameters. The experimental parameters here are the angular resolution, measurement distance, and free surface cutting shape. The results show that the monitoring resolution increases with a decrease in the angular resolution and the horizontal measurement distance and with an increase in the cutting (free surface) width. This laser monitoring method can be applied during the measurement of free surface shapes and depths in situ.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the particle formation during the deposition of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) and phosphosilicate glass (PSG) films in thermal chemical vapor deposition reactor using in-situ particle monitor (ISPM) and particle beam mass spectrometer (PBMS) which installed in the reactor exhaust line. The particle current and number count are monitored at set-up, stabilize, deposition, purge and pumping process step in real-time. The particle number distribution at stabilize step was measured using PBMS and compared with SEM image data. The PBMS and SEM analysis data shows the 110 nm and 80 nm of mode diameter for BPSG and PSG process, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2007

A study was conducted in the Hong Kong with the aim of deriving an algorithm for the retrieval of suspended sediment (SS) and sea surface salinity (SSS) concentrations from Aqua/MODIS level 1B reflectance data with 250m and 500m spatial resolutions. 'In-situ' measurements of SS and SSS were also compared with coincident MODIS spectral reflectance measurements over the ocean surface. This is the first study of SSS modeling in Southeast Asia using earth observation satellite images. Three analysis techniques such as multiple regression, linear regression, and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed on the MODIS data and the 'in-situ' measurement datasets of the SS and SSS. Correlation coefficients by each analysis method shows that the best correlation results are multiple regression from the 500m spatial resolution MODIS images, $R^2$= 0.82 for SS and $R^2$ = 0.81 for SSS. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between satellite and 'in-situ' data are 0.92mg/L for SS and 1.63psu for SSS, respectively. These suggest that 500m spatial resolution MODIS data are suitable for water quality modeling in the study area. Furthermore, the application of these models to MODIS images of the Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta (PRO) Region are able to accurately reproduce the spatial distribution map of the high turbidity with realistic SS concentrations.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.450-453
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• 2005

A forest fire occurs mainly as natural factor such as wind, temperature or human factor such as light. Recently, the most of forest fire prevention is prediction or prevision against forest fire by using remote sensing technology. However in order to forest fire prevention, the remote sensing has many limitations such as high cost and advanced technologies and so on. Therefore, we need to multisensor integration system that utilize not only remote sensing but also in-situ sensing in order to reduce large damage of forest fire though analysis of happen cause and prediction routing of occurred forest fire. In this paper we propose a multisensor integration system that offers prediction information of factors and route of forest fire by integrates collected data from remote sensor and in-situ sensor for forest fire prevention. The proposed system is based on wireless sensor network for collect observed data from various sensors. The proposed system not only offers great quality information because firstly, raw data level fuse different format of collected data from remote and in-situ sensor but also accomplish information level fusion based on result of first stage. Offered information from our system can help early prevention of factor and early prevision against occurred forest fire which transfer to SMS service or alert service into monitoring interface of administrator.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 1995

Antireflection coatings on optical lenses commertially available in domestic market are optically analyzed. Transmission spectra and reflection spectra are collected using spectrophotometers. The apparent absorption spectra around the absorption band edge are dominated by the substrate absorption. The reflection spectra and the apparent absorption spectra at visible region between 400nm and 700nm show very strong correlation to each other except a couple samples. The discrepency observed in the latters are due to an increased absorption in visible region by the substrate, which is negative effect of these samples. An antireflection coating consisted of $SiO_2/TiO_2/SiO_2/ZrO_2/Cr$ is made on c-Si substrate for spectroscopic ellispometry analysis. A film-by-film coating is accomplished and between each film deposition, ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements are made. The analysis of the spectroscopic ellipsometry data reveals that the average film densities of $ZrO_2$ and $TiO_2$ reach only 80% of their respective packing densities and thick films are inhomogeneous along film growth direction. Discussions are made toward in-situ, real-time monitoring of the film growth so that a real-time feedback is possible to achieve a post-correction to minor deviations occured in the previous step. step.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.325-331
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• 2010

Three-cup anemometers are popular devices for measuring wind speeds in automated weather stations, environmental monitoring systems, and wind turbines. Cup anemometers usually suffer from lack of long-term stability owing to the wear of the bearing systems that support the rotational parts. The bearing systems are susceptible to external pollutants, vibrations, and gusts. Therefore, these anemometers have to be calibrated regularly to maintain the desired characteristics for measuring wind speed. In the present study, a new in-situ calibration system to help reduce cost and save time by calibrating the cup anemometers at the installation site is proposed. A portable in-situ calibrator was fabricated. After the characteristics of this calibrator were verified, it was used to calibrate cup anemometers. Some of the calibration results were compared with the data obtained by wind tunnel testing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.405-405
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• 2010

Thermocouple 을 통해 Inductively coupled plasma 에 노출된 실리콘 기판 표면온도를 공정조건 변화 에 따라 실시간 (in-situ) 측정하였다. 이를 바탕으로 공정변화에 따른 플라즈마 내 활성종의 거동을 연구하였다. 더 나아가 기판의 표면온도변화 및 활성종의 거동해석을 토대로 공정변화에 의한 딥 실리콘 구조형성 메커니즘을 해석하였다. 플라즈마에 노출된 기판표면 온도를 상승시키는 주 활성종은 positive ion 이며 ICP power, Bias power, 플라즈마 압력 변화에 따라 positive ion 의 밀도 및 가속에너지가 변화하는데 이러한 거동변화는 기판의 표면온도를 변화시킴을 알 수 있었다. 딥 실리콘 구조의 측벽 및 바닥에 형성되어 있는 passivaiton layer 즉 $SiO_xF_y$(silicon oxyflouride) 는 온도에 매우 민감한 물질이며 이는 딥 실리콘 구조 내부로 입사하는 positive ion 거동변화에 따라 그 성질이 변화하여 deep Si 구조 형상을 변화시킴을 알 수 있었다. 기판표면 온도가 $0^{\circ}C$ 이하의 극저온으로 유지된 상황에서 플라즈마를 방전할 경우 positive ions 의 가속에너지로 인해 기판표면온도가 상승하며 액화질소 유량증가를 통해 다시 기판의 표면온도를 유지시킬 수 있었다. 이를 통해 플라즈마 방전 전과 방전 후의 기판 표면온도는 상온의 기판뿐만 아니라 극저온의 기판에서도 다름을 알 수 있었다. 냉각환경 변화에 따른 딥 실리콘 구조형성 메커니즘을 positive ions 거동 그리고 온도 감소에 의한 $SiO_xF_y$ 성질 변화를 이용해 해석할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.25-36
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• 2000

The purpose of this research work is to propose an analytical method of tunnel design based on reasonable site data. Therefore the proposed design method consists of monitoring data and Modified In Situ Rock Model. Also the Rock Mass Rating for very poor quality rock is very difficult to estimate, the balances between the ratings may no longer gives a reliable basis for the rock mass strength. But in reality Rock Mass Rating is only the property which can be obtained from face mapping records of the exposed tunnel face during construction stage. Evaluation of rock parameters for the actual design prior to tunnel construction should be corrected during tunnelling process in particularly complex ground conditions. This study intends to investigate application of in-situ rock model to soft rock tunnelling (weathered rock) by face mapping results and site measurement data that are obtained at the costraction site of Seoul Subway Tunnel. For the preparation of more reliable ground parameters, the Rock Mass Rating values for the weathered rocks were modified and readjusted in accordance with the measurement data. The modified input parameters obtained by the proposed method are used for the prediction of the tunnel behavior at subsequent construction stages. The results of this study revealed that more reasonable feed back tunnel analysis can be possible as suggested. Ample measurement data would be able to confirm the new proposed technique in this research work.