• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.405-419
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• 2018

Persulfates (i.e., peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate) are capable of oxidizing a wide range of organic compounds via direct reactions, as well as by indirect reactions by the radical intermediates. In aqueous solution, persulfates undergo self-decomposition, which is accelerated by thermal, photochemical and metal-catalyzed methods, which usually involve the generation of various radical species. The chemistry of persulfates has been studied since the early twentieth century. However, its environmental application has recently gained attention, as persulfates show promise in in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for soil and groundwater remediation. Persulfates are known to have both reactivity and persistence in the subsurface, which can provide advantages over other oxidants inclined toward either of the two properties. Besides the ISCO applications, recent studies have shown that the persulfate oxidation also has the potential for wastewater treatment and disinfection. This article reviews the chemistry regarding the hydrolysis, photolysis and catalysis of persulfates and the reactions of persulfates with organic compounds in aqueous solution. This article is intended to provide insight into interpreting the behaviors of the contaminant oxidation by persulfates, as well as developing new persulfate-based oxidation technologies.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.549-556
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• 2009

Trichloroethylene (TCE)와 tetrachloroethylene (PCE)은 주로 드라이클리닝 및 산업 세척액으로 쓰이는 염소계 화합물이며, 발암성 물질로 알려져 있다. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO)는 토양 및 지하수를 처리하는 기술로, 지표 아래에 존재하는 오염된 지역까지 산화제를 전달하여 오염물질을 처리하는 기술이다. ISCO에 사용되는 산화제 중 persulfate는 강력한 산화제인 sulfate 라디칼 (${SO_4}^{-{\cdot}}$)을 발생시켜 처리하는 기법으로, 본 연구에서는 TCE와 PCE의 분해에 persulfate 산화공정을 적용하여 초기 pH (3, 6, 9, 12), persulfate의 농도 (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 M), 초기오염물질농도 (10, 30, 50, 70, 100 mg/L)에 대한 영향을 알아보았다. 초기 pH가 3 일 때, TCE와 PCE는 각각 93.2%와 89.3%로 가장 높은 처리효율을 나타낸 반면, 초기 pH가 12 일 때, TCE 55.0%와 PCE 31.2%로 가장 낮은 효율을 보여 pH가 높아질수록 처리효율이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 persulfate의 농도가 증가할수록 TCE/PCE의 처리효율이 증가하였으며, 가장 높은 persulfate의 농도 (0.5 M)에서의 처리효율은 96.5% (TCE), 95.7% (PCE) 였다. 반면 초기오염농도가 높아질수록 처리효율은 낮아지는 경향이 나타났다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 가장 빠른 분해속도를 나타내는 조건은 pH 3, persulfate 농도 0.5 M, 그리고 오염물질 (TCE/PCE) 농도 10 mg/L이었고, 이때 구해진 1차 분해속도 상수 ($k_{obs}$)는 1.04 (TCE)와 1.31 (PCE) $h^{-1}$ 였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.723-730
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• 2011

본 연구는 토양이나 지하수 원위치 화학적 산화법(In-Situ Chemical Oxidation, ISCO)에서 사용할 수 있는 산화제 Persulfate를 상온에서 활용할 수 있도록 RDX를 처리대상물질로 연구하였다. Persulfate로 RDX를 처리한 결과, 반응은 유사1차반응으로 나타났으며 온도가 증가함에 따라 분해속도도 증가하였고, 이 때 활성화에너지(Activation energy)는 $1.14{\times}10^2kJ/mol$으로 산정되었다. Persulfate에 의한 RDX의 분해반응속도는 pH에 비례하여 증가하였으며, pH값이 4, 6, 8일 때 반응속도의 변화가 크지 않았다. 그러나 pH 10에서는 13배 이상 증가하였는데, persulfate에 의한 산화가 아니라 alkaline hydrolysis로 나타났다. Persulfate에 의한 RDX의 분해반응속도는 persulfate/RDX의 몰 비율에 따라 선형적으로 증가하였으며, $70^{\circ}C$에서 측정한 비례상수는 $4{\times}10^{-4}$ ($min^{-1}$/몰 비율)이었다. 용액 내 천연유기물(NOM) 농도가 증가함에 따라 persulfate에 의한 RDX 분해속도 선형 감소하였으며 $70^{\circ}C$, persulfate/RDX 몰비 10/1에서 측정한 비례상수는 $1.21{\times}10^{-4}$ ($min^{-1}{\cdot}L/mg-NOM$)이었다. 반응속도의 감소는 NOM 첨가량에 선형적으로 비례하였다. NOM 20 mg/L을 첨가한 반응의 Ea값은, 무첨가 반응에서 산정된 Ea값과 3.3% 오차에 불과하였는데, 이는 NOM의 첨가가 본래의 산화반응을 변화시키지는 않음을 의미한다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2010

Batch tests were carried out to examine the influence of the presence of soil and Fe(II) sorption capacity of soil on the ferrous catalyzed sodium persulfate oxidation for the destruction of organic pollutants in the application of in-situ chemical oxidation. Laboratory column tests were also conducted to investigate the transport of oxidant and catalyst in contaminated groundwater. Test results proved that Fe(II) was adsorbed on soil surface, and thus soil behaved as a heterogeneous catalyst, enhancing the naphthalene removal rate up to 50%. Column tests that were conducted with and without dissolved Fe(II) showed that naphthalene removal ratio were 24% and 25%, respectively. The removal efficiency was not enhanced with dissolved Fe(II), since the dissolved Fe(II) flew out of the column as the oxidant progressively injected into the column saturated with Fe(II). It indicates that the injected oxidant could not interact with dissolved Fe(II). But target organic pollutant was degraded in soil column system, implying that sulfate radical was produced by the reaction of dissolved persulfate with Fe(II) adsorbed on soil.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.62-73
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• 2020

PAHs commonly found in industrial sites such as manufactured gas plants (MGP) are potentially toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, and thus require immediate remediation. In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is known as a highly efficient technology for soil and groundwater remediation. Among the several types of oxidants utilized in ISCO, persulfate has gained significant attention in recent years. Peroxydisulfate ion (S₂O₈^2-) is a strong oxidant with very high redox potential (E⁰ = 2.01 V). When mixed with Fe²⁺, it is capable of forming the sulfate radical (SO₄^-·) that has an even higher redox potential (E⁰ = 2.6 V). In this study, the influence of various iron activators on the persulfate oxidation of PAHs in contaminated soils was investigated. Several iron sources such as ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄), ferrous sulfide (FeS) and zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) were tested as a persulfate activator. Acenaphthene (ANE), dibenzofuran (DBF) and fluorene (FLE) were selected as model compounds because they were the dominant PAHs found in the field-contaminated soil collected from a MGP site. Oxidation kinetics of these PAHs in an artificially contaminated soil and the PAH-contaminated field soil were investigated. For all soils, Fe(0) was the most effective iron activator. The maximum PAHs removal rate in Fe(0)-mediated reactions was 92.7% for ANE, 83.0% for FLE, and 59.3% for DBF in the artificially contaminated soil, while the removal rate of total PAHs was 72.7% in the field-contaminated soil. To promote the iron activator effect, the effects of hydroxylamine as a reducing agent on reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, and EDTA and pyrophosphate as chelating agents on iron stabilization in persulfate oxidation were also investigated. As hydroxylamine and chelating agents (EDTA, pyrophosphate) dosage increased, the individual PAH removal rate in the artificially contaminated soil and the total PAHs removal rate in the field-contaminated soil increased.