• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.351-360
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• 2004

To investigate latitudinal variations in the zooplankton community along the meridian line ($5^{\circ}N-12^{\circ}N$, $131.5^{\circ}W$), we measured temperature, salinity, nitrate, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton at depths above 200 m from July $10^{th}$ to $25^{th}$, 2003. For comparative analysis, data of the physico-chemical properties and chl-a were matched to the two sampling depths (surface mixed layer and thermocline depth-200 m) of zooplankton. Latitudinal differences in the mesozooplankton distribution were mainly influenced by divergence formed at a boundary line formed by currents of opposing directions, consisting of North Equatorial Current (NEC) and North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC). High concentrations of chl-a south of $9^{\circ}N$, caused by equatorial upwelling related nutrients, is thought to be affected by the role of this divergence barrier, supported by relatively low concentrations in waters north of $9^{\circ}N$. The latitudinal differences of the chl-a were significantly associated with the major groups of zooplankton, namely calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, appendicularians, ostracods, chaetognaths, invertebrate larvae, and others. And temperature significantly affected the latitudinal variation of radiolarians, siphonophores, salps and immature copepods. The latitudinal differences in the two factors, temperature and chl-a, which explained 71.0% of the total zooplankton variation, were characterized by the equatorial upwelling as well as the divergence at $9^{\circ}N$. The physical characteristics also affected the community structure and abundance of zooplankton as well as average ratios of cyclopoid versus calanoid copepods. The abundance of dominant copepods, which were consistent with chl-a, were often associated with the carnivorous zooplankton chaetognaths, implying the relative importance of bottom-up regulation from physical properties to predatory zooplankton during the study period. These results suggested that latitudinal distribution of zooplankton is primarily controlled by current-related divergences, while biological processes are of secondary importance in the northeastern Equatorial Pacific during the study period in question.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect middle-old aged housewives' participation in lifelong learning as a part of human resource development. Through purposive sampling, the study recruited 163 full-time housewives over age 40 years who live in C City. As a result, first, 87.1 percent of all respondents, or 142, said they were willing to participate in lifelong learning in the future. There was no statistically significant difference in the results of cross-checking by age, educational background and monthly household income variables. Additionally, we used cluster analysis to measure differences in participation intentions according to the perception of human resource development of middle-old aged full-time housewives. The perception variable of lifelong learning is: First, Cognitive degree, second, importance, third, activation awareness. Cluster 1(n=16) was divided into generally low-perception types, such as cognitive degree, importance, and life-long learning activation of the C city, while Cluster 2(n=61) was classified as a type of person who thinks that lifelong learning is important to life and Cluster 3(n=86) was generally classified as a type with a higher lifelong learning perception. and we found that there was no difference in the intention to participate in lifelong learning by all cluster Lastly, we found that participants who valued human resource development scored significantly higher on measures of cognition than those who did not value it. Based on these results, we advocates social change that encourages the cultivation of talent through lifelong learning programs that can positively affect one's unique identity, not just wife and mother, and provide opportunities for self-development.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.1167-1174
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• 2020

This study aims to evaluate the effect of computerized tax services in improving tax performance by moderating governance principles in Jordanian tax income departments. The study is based on a questionnaire distributed to income tax auditors, who were chosen by the simple random sampling method, so that 170 questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis. The study models were formulated in the form of simple and multiple regression equations to test the hypotheses of the study, in addition to relying on One Sample T-test to calculate the mean of questionnaire answers. The most prominent research results is that the application of tax governance principles through the provision of computerized tax services is reflected in the increase in confidence between taxpayers and income tax departments, the efficiency of tax performance, and tax proceeds. Also, the study pointed out the importance of the income tax departments to prepare strategic plans regarding the development and the follow-up of modern technologies related to computerized tax services. It especially regards linking and collecting tax from taxpayers such as via electronic tax payment and collection system, in order to ensure the speed of completion, accuracy of calculation, and raising the efficiency of tax performance.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.115-124
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• 2006

Basically, diagnosis is a comprehensive judgement of the biochemical data which were collected from the patient directly. Therefore, no matter what kinds of well-managed data control are there, if data sample itself is not perfectly appropriate for any reason. we can not rule out high possibility of misunderstanding or wrong diagnosis. Among many possible reasons inadequate sample were collected maybe three situation and circumstances could be assumed as follows. 1. Client did not know what they are supposed to do for sampling 2. Technicians are to qualified or less-experienced on the job 3. Wrong managing or careless treat of the biochemical data sample If it is true, we could manage these problems to be solved through the information sharing and education. In order to verify this hypothesis, actually 5,800 cases were studied from January to August this year. Owing to the thorough education the rate of unappropriated samples reduced to 0.4% from 1.2%. This outcome strongly support the hypothesis of the mutual relation between the proper sample and well-designed education in advance. The importance of information sharing on right process of sample collection should be emphasized.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.136-154
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• 2007

This aims to improve match of clothes for export by offering material information about Chinese women's shape. Therefore, this categorizes the shape by where they live or how they are old and understands the tendency of spread of the shape. To categorize the subject by not size factor but form factor, data were compared and analyzed mainly with index based on measurement of the body. This selected specimen as 1,381 of Chinese women from 19 to 50 selected in random sampling in Shanghai and Beijing from 23th, June to 7th August in 2004. 1. Body shapes categorized by regional and age base are hardly different in its contents. The younger they are, the stronger the tendency of front side factors is, the older they are, the stronger the tendency of shoulder and back side factors is, so this shows that there are slight differences in degree of importance. 2. This is categorized by equal formations in regional and age base in all groups. Normal shapes record highest in the twenties and thirties, fat and skinny shapes record highest and lowest in the forties, respectively. Normal, fat and skinny show its range as respectively decreasing order in Shanghai and Beijing.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2001

Due to international law the Antarctic is currently the best protected large ecosystem on earth, providing the opportunity for scientific research into processes of both regional and global importance. However, it is impossible to carry out research activities without minor disturbances to the environment. The Weddell Sea with its shelf inhabiting fauna can be considered to be representative for the entire Antarctic shelf with exceptions. It has generally escaped major anthropogenic impact but it is the only area in the high latitude Antarctic where long-term research fishing has been carried out. There are two main results combining aspects of nature conservation and benthos research. Firstly, the use of dredges has clearly decreased over the last two decades, whilst the use of non-invasive underwater photography and video has significantly increased. Secondly, during the same period icebergs destroyed an area of the seafloor and its fauna more than 2000-times greater than the area affected by research trawls. The increased use of imaging methods, Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and other modem instruments, as well as statistically based and coordinated sampling strategies can contribute to both a better understanding of ecosystem function and to an ongoing reduction in anthropogenic impact.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2017

The purpose of this research is to be acquainted with the awareness and approval of halal supply chain among Indian manufacturers and distribution network members for haulage and warehousing activities from the perception of respective service suppliers. A total of 20 respondents, which consist of 10 transportation companies and 10 warehousing companies from the State of Andhra Pradesh in India were selected for the study by using purposive sampling method. The principal focal points of the discussions are on awareness and adoption of halal transportation and warehousing services chosen for the study in the comprehensive halal supply chain. A total of 90 percent and 70 percent of respondents from the transportation and warehousing companies respectively agreed that they know only about the concept of halal but do not have any exposure and ken on the halal supply chain. However, findings of this research won't have extensive validity in the market, gaining an enough familiarity with the halal supply chain in the Indian social context is of immense importance. This is a pioneering attempt aimed to investigate the awareness and adoption levels of halal supply chain among Indian businessmen which are precious for supply chain companies to customize their services in the country as well to the world of academia.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.940-954
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents of repurchase intention toward fast fashion brands. Perceived quality, perceived price, deindividuation, and overly trendy styles, which are product characteristic variables, and fashion innovativeness, which is a consumer characteristic variable, were considered as antecedents. It was hypothesized that product and consumer characteristics influence repurchase intention toward fast fashion brands not only directly, but also indirectly through cognitive dissonance. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul using convenience sampling. Three hundred and fifty-two questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis. SPSS was used for exploratory factor analysis, and AMOS was used for confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The factor analysis of product characteristics revealed four dimensions: "perceived quality", "perceived price", "deindividuation", and "overly trendy styles", and the factor analysis of consumer characteristics revealed one dimension. The factor analysis of cognitive dissonance revealed two dimensions, "regrets" and "perceived uncertainty." The hypothesized path test proved that perceived quality, deindividuation, overly trendy styles, and fashion innovativeness influence repurchase intention directly. Perceived price and deindividuation influence repurchase intention indirectly through the factor of cognitive dissonance, which is the perceived uncertainty, indicating the importance of cognitive dissonance. The results indicate effective marketing strategies should be used to decrease consumers' cognitive dissonance, and suggestions for future study are provided.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.639-654
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• 2013

Understanding consumers' being well and stylishly dressed is a key for marketers' success in ever changing fashion industry. The purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents of dressing style. As antecedents, personal values and clothing-related variables were considered: this study included physical appearance, materialism, and individualism as personal values and quality conscious, price conscious, and brand conscious as clothing related variables. It was hypothesized that personal values influence dressing style both directly and indirectly through clothing related variables. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul, using convenience sampling. Three hundred eleven questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis using SPSS and confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis using structural equation modeling. The results showed that all the fit statistics for the variable measures were quite acceptable. In addition, the overall fits of the model suggest that the model fits the data well. The hypothesized relationship test also showed that individualism among personal values directly influences dressing style and that only price consciousness among clothing-related variables influences dressing style. With respect to the relative importance, individualism showed the largest standardized regression weight. The results suggest effective product, price, and promotion strategies for marketers whose target market is style conscious consumers.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.161-177
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• 2022

Microalgae can attach to the surface of ships and then spread to various areas by means of ship transport. The introduction of invasive species through ships is recognized as a marine problem worldwide. Identification of attached microalgae is necessary to investigate such movement between countries through ships. In the present study, through analytical methods we reviewed research data to identify the taxa of domestic attached microalgae and assess the ecological impacts of such microalgae. A total of 87 genera and 153 species (143 species of diatoms, 10 species of cyanobacteria, and 4 genera of dinoflagellates) were identified as native attached microalgae in Korea, and diatoms accounted for 93% of the total. Most of these attached microalgae were identified through research on natural substrates such as seaweeds and bedrock, and some were also identified through experiments using artificial adherent plates. To date, there is no information on microalgae attached to international ships and introduced into Korea. Molecular genetic analysis and systematic management through on-site sampling of international ships, microscopic analysis, and meta-barcoding are necessary to assess the inflow and spread path of hull-attached marine alien species and evaluate the risk they pose to the domestic ecosystem.