• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study was to provide evidence for effectiveness of community-based rehabilitation methods and results after traumatic brain injury through systematic review. Methods : The materials of the research were collected by retrieving research items in the areas of "community-based rehabilitation" and "traumatic brain injury" from the data base of Ovid and PubMed. Among the collected materials, 7 research results are suggested concerning the effectiveness of rehabilitation in community-based after traumatic brain injury in terms of subjects, measurement tools, cure methods and results. Results : Characteristics of subjects were diverse in numbers of subject, age, level of impairment and duration of disease. Research designs were all experimental studies and the most outcome parameters of community-based rehabilitation was occupational performance(27.7%). Cure methods were used occupational therapy programs concerning rehabilitation programs, cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and home based occupational therapy. Conclusion : The results implied that community-based rehabilitation is effective on occupational performance, participation, prevention, and occupational justice, partially effective on adaptation, health and wellness, and non effective on the role competence. It is suggested the future research need to be done to develop intervention programs and studies in every types.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.649-655
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• 2015

As a novel water treatment membrane, concept of ceramic-based graphene membrane (CbGM) was suggested, and its mass transport behavior was investigated. The selectivity of CbGM was given by graphene material which is consisting of active layer, only transmitting water, but rejecting salts. Filtration-assisted assembly methods was employed as a facile method to fabricate CbGM. Surface morphology and characteristics of CbGM were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle. In addition, three different kinds of solutes (i.e., NaCl, $MgCl_2$, $Na_2SO_4$) were tested in batch forward osmosis system to confirm the mass transport behavior. Through surface morphology analysis and mass transport behavior, it was revealed that interlocking between graphene layers is very important, rather than thickness of laminated graphene layers, in terms of selectivity to CbGM. All the anions in each solute showed faster transport than those of cations. In addition, solutes which have high ion valence charge ratio of anion to cation ($Z^-/Z^+$) was easier to be passed through CbGM. It indirectly implied that the surface charge of CbGM appear to be positive. In addition, It showed that surface charge of CbGM has a great role on mass transport, in particular, transport of matter having charges, generally ions.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.77-86
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• 2019

Purpose - The present study examined the reliability of accounting information based on the pay slice (CPS) information of chief executive officers (CEOs) in the service industry. The difference in the size of CPS under the capitalist system can be used as an index to gauge the influence of top management. Research design, data, and methodology - In accordance with the amendment of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Market Act in 2013, the pay information of individual registered executives with annual salary of more than 500 million won has been disclosed. The sample of the current study is 232 companies listed on the Korea Exchange excluding financial services from 2013 to 2015, when the individual pay-slice information for registration officers was published in the business report in accordance with the revision of the Capital Market Act. The financial data required for this study were extracted from the FnGuide and the TS-2000. With the data, we tested the relationship between CPS and accounting information reliability through a linear regression analysis. Results - The first result showed that the relationship between the CPS and human resource in internal accounting control system in the service industry is significantly negative only with the accounting department personnel. This result implied that the CEO can negatively affect the retention of the accounting department in the firm. Second, both the CPS and quality of audit in the service industry are negatively related both to audit fees and to audit time. Nonetheless, the relationship between the number of the auditor and the CPS is insignificant. This result indicated that the CEO can negatively affect audit fees and audit time of external auditors. The results of the present study suggested that CPS information may have a negative impact on the reliability of accounting information. Conclusion - This study is the first study to examine the reliability of CPS and accounting information for the service industry in terms of human resources in internal accounting control system and audit quality. Therefore, the present study is expected to provide some useful information to economic decision-making of various external parties for service firms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2009

The characteristics of disinfection and organic removal were investigated with pulse UV lamp in this study. The intensity and emission wavelength of pulse UV Lamp were compared with low pressure UV lamp. The emission spectrum range of pulse UV lamp was between 200 and 400 nm while the emission spectrum of low pressure UV lamp was only single wavelength of 254nm. 3 Log inactivation rate of B. subtilis spore by pulse UV and low pressure UV irradiation was determined as $44.71mJ/cm^2$ and $57.7mJ/cm^2$, respectively. This results implied that wide range of emission spectrum is more effective compared to single wavelength emission at 254nm. 500ng/L of initial 2-MIB concentration was investigated on the removal efficiency by UV only and $UV/H_2O_2$ process. The removal efficiency of UV only process achieved approximately 80% at $8,600mJ/cm^2$ dose. 2-MIB removal rate of $UV/H_2O_2$ (5 mg/L $H_2O_2$) process was 25 times increased compared to UV only process. DOC removal efficiency for the water treatment plant effluent was examined. The removal efficiency of DOC by UV and $UV/H_2O_2$ was no more than 20%. Removal efficiency of THMFP(Trihalomethane Formation Potential), one of the chlorination disinfection by-products, is determined on the UV irradiation and $UV/H_2O_2$ process. Maximum removal efficiency of THMFP was approximately 23%. This result indicates that more stable chemical structures of NOM(Natural Organic Matter) than low molecule compounds such as 2-MIB, hydrogen peroxide and other pollutants affect low removal efficiency for UV photolysis. Consequently, pulse UV lamp is more efficient compared to low pressure lamp in terms of disinfection due to it's broad wavelength emission of UV. Additional effect of pulse UV is to take place the reactions of both direct photolysis to remove micro organics and disinfection simultaneously. It is also expected that hydrogen peroxide enable to enhance the oxidation efficiency on the pulse UV irradiation due to formation of OH radical.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.25-36
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• 2010

This study identified the causal relationships among customer satisfaction, consumer commitment, and relational outcomes(i.e., positive word-of-mouth intentions and increased customer share) in coffee houses. The results showed that satisfaction had positive impacts on consumer commitment(${\gamma}$=0.40, t=5.44, p<0.001), positive WOM intentions(${\gamma}$=0.49, t=7.47, p<0.001), and increased customer share(r=0.52, t=7.49, p<0.001). Consumer commitment also had positive impacts on positive WOM intentions(${\beta}$=0.41, t=6.52, p<0.001) and increased customer share(${\beta}$=0.26, t=3.97, p<0.001). Considering the direct effects only, satisfaction had the largest impact on increased customer share while consumer commitment did on positive WOM intentions. In addition, the direct effects of satisfaction on relational outcomes were greater than those of consumer commitment In terms of the total effects, however, relational outcomes were maximized when we combined the direct effects of satisfaction and the indirect effects of satisfaction through consumer commitment. This result supported that consumer commitment played a partial mediating role between satisfaction and relational outcomes. Furthermore, it implied that coffee houses would take full advantage of relational outcomes when they made their customers satisfied and committed to the relationship.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.77-90
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study was to provide evidence for the effectiveness of Sensory Integrative Intervention (SII) through a systematic review. Method : The systematic review was executed using MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, OTSeeker. The key words for search was "effects of sensory integration", "sensory integration therapy", and "sensory integration intervention". 11 studies were used for data analysis, and the level of evidence were level I, leve lII and level IV. The substances of review were subject (population), method (intervention type), effect of the intervention, outcome parameter, and outcome measurement. Results : 1. The subjects of SII were autism spectrum disorders (30.7%), pervasive developmental disorder (15.4%) and preterm infants (15.4%). 2. Most frequently used method was the traditional intervention of J. Ayres (36.5%). The outcome parameters of SII were behavioral outcome (40.63%), motor performance outcome (28.13%), sensory-based outcome (25.0%), and academic outcome (6.35%). 3. The effects of SII were improvement of motor performance (66.7%), sensory-based (62.5%), and behavior problems (61.5%). In most studies, however, academic skill such as writing skill was not a positive outcome parameter in terms of effectiveness of SII. Conclusions : The results implied that the sensory integrative intervention is effective on motor performance, sensory-based and behavioral change, but not on the academic skill. It is suggested that the future research need to be done to examine whether and how the effect of sensory integration intervention can be long-lasting and contribute any academic skill and activities of daily living performance.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.79-97
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• 2020

We discovered various sides of Lee Jema's tenure as the governor of Jinhae by looking at recently found historical materials of the central government of Joseon. Lee Jema went to his appointed post in Jinhae in February of 1887 and was replaced before the termination of his office in June of 1888. Since his replacement did not immediately arrive at Jinhae, Lee Jema continued to perform his duties until the first half of 1889. The difference between the date of his resignation and the arrival of his replacement reveals why various historical materials disagree about when he left office. After Lee Jema's official resignation in June of 1888, he was appointed to the honorary posts of Naegeumjang and Cheomji, which indicates the termination of his career as an official. Two superior officials conducted job assessments on Lee Jema three times during his service (once every six months) and these are the rare evaluations which were performed during his lifetime. Lee Jema was highly regarded in terms of job competency by two superiors in succession, which was unique for a local government official in the late Joseon dynasty. One of the job assessments referred to the potential of his performance as an official which usually implied that he was a suitable candidate for higher rank. This might have derived from Lee Jema's study of statecraft. Lee Jema's love for the people as an official was also mentioned in one of the job assessment reports. This is borne out by his quelling the revolt of Hamheung Province in 1896.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the self-expression level of dental hygiene students related to communicative competence and their stress during clinical practice and what affected their stress. The subjects in this study were 125 dental hygiene students in W college, on whom a survey was conducted from September 18 through 30, 2006. After the collected data were analyzed with SPSS WIN 10.0 program, the following findings were acquired: 1. When a factor analysis was made to evaluate the self-expression of the students, there appeared three different categories of self-expression: voice/content, facial expression/attitude and sentiment. The three made a 58.1% prediction of their self-expression. As for overall reliability, they turned out highly reliable(Cronbach'a = .881). 2. The dental hygiene students got a mean of 3.58 out of possible five points in self-expression, which indicated that they expressed themselves relatively well. Concerning connections between their general characteristics and self-expression level, those who were inactive during clinical practice got a mean of 3.28, whereas the others who were active got a mean of 3.85. It implied that those who took a more active attitude to clinical practice expressed themselves better(p < .01). The person with whom they found it hard to get along made a statistically significant difference to their self-expression(p < .05). The students who didn't fare well with dental hygienists got the best score(3.70). The second best group(3.53) didn't get along with dentists, followed by assistant nurses(3.46) and patients/caregivers(3.31). As for the impact of the field of dream job, the students who hoped to work or study overseas(4.21) excelled in self-expression those who wanted to be hired in a general hospital, to go onto a school of higher grade and to work in a public dental clinic(p < .05). Among the general characteristics, satisfaction level with major, health status and motivation of choosing dental hygiene made no statistically significant differences to their self-expression. 3. Regarding relations between self-expression level and stress about clinical practice, those who didn't express themselves properly in terms of sentiment scored higher in stress level(3.65). Their stress was statistically significantly different according to self-expression level (p < .05). 4. As for the influence of self-expression and general characteristics on stress with clinical practice, sentiment was selected from among the self-expression categories as a decisive factor to affect stress. Their stress varied statistically significantly with that(p < .05). In contrast, their demographic variables made no statistically significant difference to that, which made a 79.2% prediction of it.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.14
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• pp.103-152
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• 2000

English contract law has traditionally taken the view that it is not the duty of the parties to a contract to give information voluntarily to each other. In English law, one of the principal distinctions between insurance contract law and general contract law is the existence of the doctrine of utmost good faith in insurance law. The doctrine gives rise to a variety of duties, some of which apply before formation of the contract while others apply post-formation. This article is, therefore, designed to analyse the overall structure and problems of the doctrine of utmost good faith in English marine insurance law. The results of analysis are as following : First, the requirement of utmost good faith in marine insurance law arises from the fact that many of the relevant circumstances are within the exclusive knowledge of the assured and it is impossible for the insurer to obtain the facts to make a appropriate calculation of the risk that he is asked to assume without this information. Secondly, the duty of utmost good faith provided in MIA 1906, s. 17 has the nature as a bilateral or reciprocal, overriding and absolute duty. Thirdly, the Court of Appeal in Skandia held that breach of the pre-formation duty of utmost good faith did not sound in damages since the duty did not arise out of an implied contractual term and the breach did not constitute a tort. Instead, the Court of Appeal held that the duty was an extra-contractual duty imposed by law in the form of a contingent condition precedent to the enforceability of the contract. Fourthly, the scope of the duty of utmost good faith is closely related to the test of materiality and the assured is required to disclose only material circumstances subject to MIA 1906, s. 18(1) and 20(1). The test of materiality, which had caused a great deal of debate in English courts over 30 years, was finally settled by the House of Lords in Pan Atlantic and the House of Lords rejected the 'decisive influence' test and the 'increased risk' test, and the decision of the House of Lords is thought to accept the 'mere influence' test in subsequent case by the Court of Appeal. Fifthly, the insurer is, in order to avoid contract, required to provide proof that he is induced to enter into the contract by reason of the non-disclosure or misrepresentation of the assured. Sixthly, the duty of utmost good faith is, in principle, terminated before contract is concluded, but it is undoubtful that the provision under MIA 1906, s. 17 is wide enough to include the post-formation duty. The post-formation duty is, however, based upon the terms of marine insurance contract, and the duty lies entirely outside s. 17. Finally, MIA 1906, s. 17 provides expressly for the remedy of avoidance of the contract for breach of the duty. This means rescission or retrospective avoidance of the entire contract, and the remedy is based upon a fairly crude 'all-or-nothing' approach. What is needed in English marine insurance law is to introduce a more sophiscated or proportionate remedy.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.62
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• pp.135-178
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• 2014

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) sets the standards of good faith in a commercial transaction for the sale of goods. With every sales contract, there is an implied obligation for both the seller and the buyer to negotiate the contract and perform under the terms of the contract in good faith. The agreement between both parties and the customs in the industry determine how the good faith standard should be applied to a particular transaction. Generally, the meaning of good faith, though always based on honesty, may vary depending on the specific context in which it is used. A person is said to buy in good faith when he or she holds an honest belief in his or her right or title to the property and has no knowledge or reason to know of any defect in the title. In section 1-201 of the UCC good faith is defined generally as "honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned." Article 2 of the UCC says "good faith in the case of a merchant means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade." The sales contract will generally determine which party is required to perform first. This provision helps to determine if the buyer or the seller is in breach of the agreement due to failing to perform as stated by the contract. Either the seller must deliver the items before the buyer is required to accept and pay or the buyer must pay for the items before the seller has the duty to act in good faith and deliver the items in a reasonable manner. If the contract does not specifically define who is required to perform, industry customs and fair trade may determine what is acceptable for the transaction. Under the UCC, the buyer is required to pay for the goods when they are delivered, unless the contract states otherwise. Therefore, the UCC imposes an obligation of good faith on the performance of every contract or duty under its purview. The law also generally requires good faith of fiduciaries and agents acting on behalf of their principals. This article discusses problems of the principles of good faith under the UCC. Specifically, this paper focuses on the interpretation of UCC sections and analysis of various cases. By comparing, also, UCC and Korean law, the paper proposes some implications of good faith issues for Korean law.