• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.508-520
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• 2019

Interplay between Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV)/Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) and its host plant Phalaenopsis equestris remain largely unknown, which led to deficiency of effective measures to control disease of P. equestris caused by infecting viruses. In this study, for the first time, we characterized viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) profiles in P. equestris co-infected with CymMV and ORSV through small RNA sequencing technology. CymMV and ORSV small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) demonstrated several general and specific/new characteristics. vsiRNAs, with A/U bias at the first nucleotide, were predominantly 21-nt long and they were derived predominantly (90%) from viral positive-strand RNA. 21-nt siRNA duplexes with 0-nt overhangs were the most abundant 21-nt duplexes, followed by 2-nt overhangs and then 1-nt overhangs 21-nt duplexes in infected P. equestris. Continuous but heterogeneous distribution and secondary structures prediction implied that vsiRNAs originate predominantly by direct Dicer-like enzymes cleavage of imperfect duplexes in the most folded regions of the positive strand of both viruses RNA molecular. Furthermore, we totally predicted 54 target genes by vsiRNAs with psRNATarget server, including disease/stress response-related genes, RNA interference core components, cytoskeleton-related genes, photosynthesis or energy supply related genes. Gene Ontology classification showed that a majority of the predicted targets were related to cellular components and cellular processes and performed a certain function. All target genes were down-regulated with different degree by vsiRNAs as shown by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, CymMV and ORSV siRNAs played important roles in interplay with P. equestris by down modulating the expression levels of endogenous genes in host plant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.81-91
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• 2019

The 3-dimensional grain burn-back analysis is performed using the face offsetting method for calculating the solid rocket motor performance. The grain burning configuration analysis is a moving surface problem that calculates the regression of the burning surface. In the previous study, various moving interface analysis methods were applied for the grain burn-back analysis, but the results were imperfect. In this study, a 3-dimensional grain burn-back analysis module is developed using the face offsetting method, which combines the advantages of the existing moving interface analysis methods to increase the accuracy and robustness. As a result, the face offsetting method is proved to be efficient for the grain burn-back analysis.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.221-237
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• 2009

This paper analyzes the time-shift technique in Joseph Conrad's Lord Jim. Conrad's manipulation of time in this novel is based on his aspiration for how 'to make you see,' which he believes is completed through the harmony form and substance in his works. So Conrad applies this technique which was used earlier by some writers such as Laurence Sterne to his Lord Jim to show its theme more effectively. In Lord Jim, the story consists of two parts; first, Jim jumps from a ship called the Patna and is deprived of his navigation certificate. Secondly, he wins the people's respect in Patusan in which his past related to the Patna remains hidden, but he faces his death by taking responsibility for the death of the chief's son in the island. These events in Lord Jim are not described in chronological order; that is, some events are depicted with the time-shift technique using flashback, association, or fragmentary memory to accelerate the speed of stories as well as to offer the actuality of the events. With this structure, the themes of Jim's story have something to do with his heroic actions and failures. Jim wants to be a hero and after failures he struggles to redeem himself only to fail. In particular, Jim's jump from the Patna is emphasized through the time-shift and it shows there is something incomprehensible in his action. Therefore, Conrad reveals in Lord Jim that Jim is one of us who not only are imperfect but also have the weaknesses inside that can unexpectedly emerge in an instant.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.113-119
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• 2021

Since the weapon system project has a large ripple effect on the country by investing a huge budget, analysis of acquisition methods that secured economic feasibility is required in the planning stage to promote the weapon acquisition project. In response to this demand, economic analysis for acquisition method is preformed in the research stage of previous studies, but the analysis on economic analysis for acquisition alternative is imperfect at the present. In this research, we identify the limitations of the effect analysis and propose an additional cost-benefit analysis method to analyze the economic feasibility of the acquisition alternative. It is possible to present the universal results of economic feasibility analysis for not only multiple alternatives but also single alternatives by presenting benefit/cost ratio. It is applied to research on acquisition project of OO guided rocket, and the result of economic analysis for each alternative is presented.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2021

Purpose: The transition from a traditional to a modern food distribution system induces several adjustments on the supply side since supermarkets must collect food on a larger scale and with higher quality standards. This situation becomes a real challenge for small scale farmers to access supply in a modern distribution channel. This gives rise to an original solution: supplying supermarkets through farmer associations or cooperatives. Based on this context of Vietnam linking to the case of distribution science, the paper proposes an industrial organization model of the food processing system in developing countries. The model presents the competitive relationship between two competing distribution systems: a traditional and a modern one. The former is composed of several retailers that sell their products on the traditional market while the latter is based on cooperatives that collect food and negotiate with supermarkets. The current study is to discuss the conditions under which the evolution of the food distribution system occurs by using the proposed model. Research design, data, and methodology: Based on the proposed model, the study explored the quantity flow from small producers to consumers through a Nash equilibrium and address the question of farmer repartition by a free-entry equilibrium. Results: The result shows that there is a unique positive equilibrium in the food market with participation of cooperative associations; Since farmers serve cooperative associations, they not only receive quantity incentive prices but also share profits within their organization. Conclusions: This study shows a unique distribution equilibrium where the profits of farmers working for middlemen and cooperatives are maximized. Further insights were discussed.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.131-144
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to investigate market power of soybeans exported by the United States to Korea. Particularly, this paper considered dichotomous characteristics of genetically modified (GM) soybeans and non-GM soybeans and conducted empirical analysis of these two segregated soybean markets to understand key tenets of market power in international soybean trade. Design/methodology - The difference in market power between GM and non-GM soybeans was analyzed using Residual Demand Elasticity (RDE) and Residual Supply Elasticity (RSE) models over the period of 2008~2018. RDE and RSE models under an imperfect competition condition were used to estimate market margins and determine whether GM and non-GM exporters or importers exercised market power in the destination market. Findings - Empirical results suggested that the U.S. had a market power on both GM and non-GM soybean exports. GM exports had greater market power than non-GM exports (14% vs. 9%). By contrast, Korea showed an inability to grab market margin or exert market power in soybean imports. Both export supply by the U.S. and import demand by Korea were found to be more responsive to price changes of GM soybeans than to prices changes of non-GM soybeans. This might be due to a self-interested, profit-seeking strategy by the exporter and many concerned consumers regarding potential adverse effects of GMOs in the importing country. Originality/value - This paper fills the literature gap by exploiting market power in both GM and non-GM markets with explicit consideration of price correlations between GM and non-GM soybeans in Korea. A number of existing studies have provided evidence for market power broadly embedded in international commodity trade. However, studies focusing on Korean markets are limited. No study has explored the country's soybean trade. Furthermore, the majority of prior studies have almost exclusively focused on the market power from a standpoint of exporting countries without discussing importers' market structure. This paper also sought to understand potentially distinguished patterns of market power between GM and non-GM markets.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.821-837
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• 2022

This research is devoted to study the effects of humidity and temperature on the bending behavior of functionally graded (FG) ceramic-metal porous plates resting on Pasternak elastic foundation using a quasi-3D hyperbolic shear deformation theory developed recently. The present plate theory with only four unknowns, takes into account both transverse shear and normal deformations and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the surfaces of the functionally graded plate without using shear correction factors. Material properties of porous FG plate are defined by rule of the mixture with an additional term of porosity in the through-thickness direction. The governing differential equations are obtained using the "principle of virtual work". Analytically, the Navier method is used to solve the equations that govern a simply supported FG porous plate. The obtained results are checked by comparing the results determined for the perfect and imperfect FG plates with those available in the scientific literature. Effects due to material index, porosity factors, moisture and thermal loads, foundation rigidities, geometric ratios on the FG porous plate are all examined. Finally, this research will help us to design advanced functionally graded materials to ensure better durability and efficiency for hygro-thermal environments.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.134-143
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• 2002

According to the result of the experiment, except that Oebal Hanji making, which does not consider the fiber orientation, has a smaller difference between its strength of width and length direction than of Ssangbal Hanii making, there is not a significant difference between Oebal Hanji making and Ssangbal Hanji making. In addition, even though Oebal Hanji making produced indigenous technique is generally felt sturdy because its absolute strength is enhanced by applying fine materials and overlaying several sheets of paper, its relative strength, which is expressed in an index, is not far beyond that of Ssangbal Hanji making Study on the effect of Dochim revealed that Dochim improves remarkably folding endurance and enhances breaking length and the burst strength. Especially, Dochim increase tensile strength. It was also revealed that, indigenous Oebal Hanji making, the higher the number of sheets of paper overlaid is, the higher the tear strength is the increase relatively higher than those of other types of strength. Consequently, Dochim treatment greatly reinforces the imperfect strength of indigenous Hanji. We consider that if we apply Dochim treatment to Ssangbal Hanji making it may bring about abnormal imbalance of strength. We can benefit from the characteristic strength of Oebal Hanji making only when performing paper making and Dochim considering fiber orientation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

The use of functionally graded materials in applications involving severe thermal gradients is quickly gaining acceptance in the composite mechanics community, the aerospace and aircraft industry. In the present study, a refined sandwich plate model is applied to study the free vibration analysis of porous functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates with various distribution rate of porosity. Two types of common FG sandwich plates are considered. The first sandwich plate is composed of two FG material (FGM) face sheets and a homogeneous ceramic or metal core. The second one consists of two homogeneous fully metal and ceramic face sheets at the top and bottom, respectively, and a FGM core. The displacement field of the present theory is chosen based on nonlinear variations in the in-plane displacements through the thickness of the sandwich plate. The number of unknowns and equations of motion of the present theory is reduced and hence makes them simple to use. In the analysis, the equation of motion for simply supported sandwich plates is obtained using Hamilton's principle. In order to present the effect of the variation of the porosity distribution on the dynamic behavior of the FGM sandwich plates, new mixtures are proposed which take into account different rate of porosity distribution between the ceramic and the metal. The present method is applicable to study the dynamic behavior of FGM plates and sandwich plates. The frequencies of two kinds of FGM sandwich structures are analyzed and discussed. Several numerical results have been compared with the ones available in the literature.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.29-38
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• 2023

Doodles, often possess irregular shapes and patterns, making it challenging for artificial intelligence to mechanically recognize and predict patterns in random doodles. Unlike humans who can effortlessly recognize and predict doodles even when circles are imperfect or lines are not perfectly straight, artificial intelligence requires learning from given training data to recognize and predict doodles. In this paper, we leverage a diverse dataset of doodle images from individuals of various nationalities, cultures, left-handedness, and right-handedness. After training two neural networks, we determine which network offers higher accuracy and is more suitable for doodle image prediction. The motivation behind predicting doodle images using artificial intelligence lies in providing a unique perspective on human expression and intent through the utilization of neural networks. For instance, by using the various images generated by artificial intelligence based on human-drawn doodles, we expect to foster diversity in artistic expression and expand the creative domain.