• 대한교통학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2002

충격흡수시설(Crash Cushion)은 고속도로 진출램프의 고어(Gore)지역과 같이 차량이 주행차로를 벗어나 도로상의 구조물과 충돌할 위험이 있는 곳에 설치하여 충돌 전 충격에너지를 흡수하는 역할을 하는 도로변 안전시설물이다. 시설의 설치효과를 높이기 위해서는 사고 발생 가능성을 고려하여 설치여부를 판단하는 기준이 필요하다. 그러나 현재의 충격흡수시설 설치기준은 이와 같은 과정을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 이에 착안하여 본 연구에서는 충격흡수시설의 설치여부 판단기준 개발을 위해 두 가지 형태의 연구를 수행하였다. 첫 번째는 고속도로 진출램프 사고예측모형의 개발이다. 충격흡수시설이 설치되는 고속도로의 고어(Gore)지역에서 발생되는 교통사고와 도로환경적 요인과의 관계를 고려한 사고예측모형을 개발하는 과정으로 교통통계 학자들 사이에서 교통사고의 특성을 잘 반영하여 준다고 알려진 음이항 분포를 사용하였다. 두 번째는 고속도로 진출행동모형의 개발이다. 운전자에 의한 고속도로 진출과정을 단계별로 가정하고 가정된 진출과정에 의해 발생되는 변수들과 사고와의 상관관계를 고려하여 운전행동모형을 개발하였다. 개발된 두 가지 형태의 모형으로 위험도를 수치화하고 편익-비용분석 과정을 통하여 충격흡수시설을 설치여부 판단기준을 제시하였다. 도로환경적 요인과 인적요인을 동시에 고려한 본 연구의 접근방법을 통해 효과적으로 충격흡수시설의 설치여부를 판단할 수 있다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2013

비점오염원은 배출원, 유출경로 및 배출량이 명확하지 않아 관리에 많은 어려움이 있다. 최근 들어, 비점오염 관리를 위해 다양한 비점오염저감시설들에 대해 개발 및 연구 되고 있다. 또한 비점오염시설의 정확한 평가를 위해 다양한 효율산정 방법들이 제시되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 강우 시 식생수로 길이별 모니터링 결과를 토대로 식생수로의 길이가 저감효율에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 또한 식생수로 길이별 저감효율을 다양한 방법으로 산정하여 효율 산정방법에 따른 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 효율 산정 방법으로는 ER, SOL, ROL, ROF, SOLF, ROLF 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. EMC 분석결과 유입 및 유출량의 농도차이가 유기물질이 염양염류에 비하여 크게 나타났다. 식생수로 길이에 따른 효율 분석 결과 식생수로 유입부에서 효율이 급증하고, 이 후에는 효율 증가가 점차 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 식생수로 전단에 설치된 저류지에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 식생수로의 저감효율을 확보하기 위해서는 식생수로의 길이가 최소 30m이상으로 충분히 확보되어야 한다. 또한 식생수로의 경제적이고 효율적인 설계를 위해선 단순한 효율분석이 아닌 식생수로 최소 길이에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2007

With the development of information technology (IT), various information systems (IS) such as Web-based systems and mobile systems have appeared utilizing different technologies. However, recent studies on IS use and user satisfaction rarely account for technological differences among IS and environmental characteristics where IS are intended to be used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the determinants of the use of Web-based ticketing systems for cultural activities and to empirically validate their relationships. Environmental psychology suggests that human beings respond to external stimuli from environments with their emotions, and their emotional states influence human actions, e.g., IS use in this research. Applying environmental psychology to the use of Web-based systems in the culture and entertainment industry, we propose that web site characteristics first influence a user's internal state of mind (i.e., flow) and then the flow state influences the IS use. Studies related to the state of flow collectively affirm the key role played by the flow construct in shaping individual attitudes and behaviors toward IS. Users' flow states are captured by their shopping enjoyment, perceived behavioral control, and the level of concentration on the IS use. Referring to social presence theory, we have included such web site characteristics as content quality, context of web site, and community quality. In our research model, a second order construct is utilized to represent web site quality, because flow theory suggests that holistic experiences with web-based systems (rather than individual characteristics of the web site) are important in explaining the IS use. Further, we have included trust as another important factor influencing the IS use since business transactions on the web encompass higher uncertainty comparing to offline transactions. In order to test our hypotheses, we have conducted an online survey which results in 1,141 valid responses in the final sample. The data were collected from respondents who have experiences in Internet ticketing systems. Although it was a convenient sample, the sample represents a wide variety of user demographics. Validity and reliability of the research instrument were tested and research hypotheses were examined using PLS Graph 3.0. The results indicate that web site characteristics significantly influence the level of user concentration, user's enjoyment in shopping, and perceived behavioral control. Further, the use of Internet ticketing systems is influenced by users' flow states and trust in the web channel. User satisfaction is turned out to be affected by the use of Internet ticketing systems. Unlike extant research on the relationship between web site characteristics and its use, our study has found that, in the culture and entertainment industry, the impact of web site characteristics on IS use is mediated by a user's flow state. This finding has a practical implication that web site design should include as many features that enhance shopping enjoyment and concentration. Other practical implications of these findings and future research implications are also discussed.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.4914-4923
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• 2011

본 연구는 PA(전담)간호사의 직무스트레스가 직무만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 시도된 서술적 조사연구로 2010년 9월 1일부터 2011년 1월 10일까지 PA(전담)간호사 104명을 대상으로 시행하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS PASW Stastistics 18.0 Program으로 분석하였다. 직무스트레스에 대한 평균점수는 여성 45.07(${\pm}9.78$)점, 남성 43.47(${\pm}13.77$)점이었다. 직무만족도에 대한 평균점수는 2.72(${\pm}0.30$)점이었다. 일반적인 특성과 직무만족도 간의 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 직무스트레스의 하부영역 중 미혼에서 조직체계(p<.05)와 보상부적절(p<.01)에 대한 스트레스가 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다중회귀분석결과 회귀모형에 대한 수정된 $R^2$ 값이 0.567로 회귀모형이 56.7%로 적합하며, 직무자율성이 적고 조직체계가 합리적이지 못할 때 직무만족도가 감소하였으며, 3교대 근무자에 비해 2교대 근무자의 직무만족도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 그러므로 직무만족도를 높이기 위해 PA(전담)간호사의 직무자율성과 조직체계에 대한 직무스트레스를 감소시키기 위한 병원정책이 필요하다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to examine the effect of audience attitude toward product placement, or PPL, on product attitude and purchase intention. PPL has increasingly been prevailing in TV dramas since the revision of the Broadcasting Act in January 2010, and it is quite widespread in today's society. Therefore, this study intends to investigate how the audience would take a particular attitude toward PPL in TV dramas and how their attitude would affect their product attitude and purchase intention. Research design, data, and methodology - The sample for the current study was drawn from college students in Seoul in December 2013, as the main targets of the products and brands that were advertised by PPL are young people. The questionnaire for this study comprised nine parts, such as the knowledge of PPL, experience of PPL, TV drama watching time, impulsive buying propensity, celebrity imitating buying propensity, attitude toward PPL, attitude toward product, purchase intention, and demographic characteristics. The questionnaire items were measured by 5-point Likert scales. Whether the demographic characteristics and propensity to consume would affect PPL attitude was analyzed and how the PPL attitude would affect purchase intention through product attitude was analyzed as well. To analyze the relationship between variables, structural equation modeling analysis was performed with Amos 18.0. Results - The major findings of the study were as follows. First, whether the demographic characteristics and propensity to consume would affect PPL attitude was analyzed, and it is found that out of the demographic characteristics, only gender and knowledge of PPL exerted an influence on PPL attitude. In addition, celebrity-imitating buying propensity had an impact on PPL attitude. Second, whether PPL attitude would affect purchase intention through product attitude was analyzed by structural equation modeling. Consequently, it is found that PPL attitude impacted purchase intention through product attitude. Conclusions - The findings of the study had the following implications. First, in theoretical aspects, previous studies have proven only that attitude toward PPL influenced attitude toward product and purchase intention separately; however, the current study has investigated the mediated role of attitudes toward PPL. Second, regarding the practical aspects, as PPL attitude exercised an effect on purchase intention as well as product attitude, PPL should be utilized in a manner to stimulate the audience to take a positive attitude to it. Finally, gender, PPL knowledge, and celebrity-imitating buying orientation were identified as influential factors for PPL attitude. Specifically, female consumers showed a lower attitude toward PPL than males, and the consumers who have no knowledge showed a lower attitude toward PPL. The consumers who have celebrity imitating buying propensity expressed a higher attitude toward PPL. These factors should consequently be taken into account when PPL is planned and conducted. The current study has limitations such as the sample object, non- experimental method, and media biases. Therefore, future research should be conducted to address these limitations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1923-1932
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• 2019

Objective: We investigated visual marbling level (VML) influence on pork loin physicochemical traits, consumer palatability responses, VML liking, purchase intent, and their relationships. Methods: For each of five slaughtering dates, at 24-h postmortem, nine paired Duroc castrated male boneless Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were categorized into low (LM, score 1 to 2, n = 3), medium (MM, score 3 to 4, n = 3), and high (HM, score 5 to 6, n = 3) VML. Meat physicochemical quality traits and consumer responses (n = 389) on palatability and VML liking, and purchase intent were evaluated. The experiment was in randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance, Duncan's multiple mean comparisons, and correlation coefficients were determined. Results: VML correspond to crude fat (r = 0.91, p<0.01), but both were reversely related to moisture content (r = -0.75 and -0.91, p<0.01, respectively). As VML increased, ash (p<0.05) and protein (p = 0.072) decreased, pH and $b^{\star}$ increased (p<0.05), but drip, cooking (p<0.05) and thawing (p = 0.088) losses decreased. Among treatments, muscle fiber diameter, sarcomere length, total and insoluble collagen contents, $L^{\star}$, and $a^{\star}$ did not differ (p>0.05). Compared to the others, HM had lower collagen solubility percentage (p<0.05), but similar (p>0.05) Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). No differences (p>0.05) were found in juiciness, overall flavor, oiliness, and overall acceptability, but HM was more tender (p<0.05) than the others. Based on VML, consumers preferred MM to HM (p<0.05), while LM was similar to MM and HM (p>0.05). Corresponding to VML preference (r = 0.45, p<0.01), consumers (83%) would (p<0.01) definitely and probably buy MM, over LM (74%), and HM (68%), respectively. Conclusion: Increasing VML in pork LD altered its chemical composition, slightly increased pH, and improved water holding capacity, thereby improving its tenderness acceptability. Marbling might reduce chewing resistance, as lower collagen solubility in HM did not impact tenderness acceptability and WBSF. While HM was rated as most tender, consumers visually preferred and would purchase MM.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

본 연구는 1995년부터 2017년까지의 16개 지방자치단체 지역별 패널통계를 활용하여 노동력 고령화가 노동 생산성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 지역별 고정효과와 다양한 조정변수들을 고려한 패널회귀분석 결과에서 총취업자 중 60세 이상의 취업자 비중으로 정의한 노동력 고령화는 노동 생산성에 매우 일관되고 유의한 음(-)의 효과를 주며, 부정적인 효과의 크기는 노동력 고령화가 1% 증가할 때마다 노동 생산성이 약 0.14 ~ 0.20% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이밖에 조정변수로 고려된 1인당 자본스톡과 인적자본은 노동 생산성이 증가하는데 많은 기여를 하고, 경기변동의 대리변수인 실업률은 예상과 같이 노동 생산성에 유의한 음(-)의 효과를 미치며, 비록 유의하지는 않지만, 전체 산업 중 서비스업의 비중을 의미하는 산업구조의 계수가 양(+)의 값을 보이지만 유의하지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 노동력 고령화로 예상되는 노동 생산성의 감소를 억제하기 위해 인적자본을 유지 및 확충할 수 있는 경제 및 교육정책의 설계와 구축이 필요하다는 시사점을 도출할 수 있다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Purpose: The franchise system started by Singer Sewing Machine in the US is acting as a national economic growth engine in terms of job creation and economic growth. In China, the franchise system was introduced in the mid-1980s. And since joining the WTO, it has grown by 5-6% every year. However, compared to the growth rate of franchises, studies on shared growth between the chain headquarters and franchisees were insufficient. Accordingly, recent studies related to shared growth between the chain headquarters and franchisees have been active in China. The purpose of this study is to examine the knowledge transfer system between the knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and the use of knowledge by franchise chain headquarters in China. In addition, the relationship between franchise satisfaction and performance is identified. Research design, data, and methodology: The data were collected from franchise stores in Sichuan, China, and were conducted with the help of ○○ Incubation, a Sichuan Province-certified incubator. From November 2020 to January 2021, 350 copies of the questionnaire were distributed in China, and 264 copies were returned. Of these, 44 copies with insincere answers and response errors were excluded, and 222 copies were used for analysis. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 statistical packages. Result: The results of this study are as follows. First, knowledge creation has been shown to have a statistically significant impact on knowledge sharing and knowledge utilization. In particular, the effectiveness of knowledge creation was higher in knowledge sharing than in knowledge utilization. And we can see that knowledge sharing also has a statistically significant e ffect on knowledge utilization. Second, knowledge sharing was not significant for transaction satisfaction and business performance, and knowledge utilization was significant for transaction satisfaction and business performance. These results can be said to mean less interdependence of the Chinese franchise system. Finally, transaction satisfaction was statistically significant to business performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of knowledge management to secure long-term competitive advantage for Chinese franchises. This study shows that knowledge sharing is important for long-term franchise growth. And we can see that there is a lack of knowledge sharing methods in the case of franchises in China. I n addition, it was found that the growth of Chinese franchises requires systematization of communication, information sharing measures and timing, help from chain headquarters, and mutual responsibility awareness.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.66-92
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• 2019

Purpose - Foreign Exchange Rates (FER) have been one of the most significant factors for both Korean exporters and the economy of Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether exporters with a high level of Exchange Rate Elasticity of Sales (ERES) make the use of earnings management for Income Smoothing (IS). Design/methodology - Income smoothing was obtained using the methodology suggested by Leuz, Nanda and Wysocki (2003). Accruals-based Earnings Management (AEM) was estimated using Discretionary Accruals (DA) calculated by the operant Jones Model developed by Dechow, Sloan and Sweeney (1995). Real Earnings Management (REM) was obtained using the methodologies suggested by Roychowdhury (2006) and Cohen and Zarowin (2010). Data were 2,402 firm years of public listed companies on the KRX, which were not in the financial industry and had a settlement of accounts in December for the period from 2013 to 2017. Findings - Results of the evaluation are as follows. First, companies with higher levels of ERES have relatively lower levels of smoothing of reported income. This might be because a fluctuation in sales caused by an exchange rate fluctuation has a direct impact on the volatility of the reported income. Second, companies with high levels of both ERES and IS have a positive correlation with both AEM and REM. This might be because companies with high levels of IS engage in earnings management to smooth reported income. Specifically, it is possible to assume that for smoothing the reported income, not only AEM but also REM is practiced. Third, companies with high levels of ERES but low levels of IS have a negative correlation with both AEM and REM. This could be interpreted as companies exhibiting low levels of IS due to higher levels of ERES tend to control IS. In addition, such results were supported by firms relying highly on exporting, and are consequently sensitive to exchange rate fluctuation. Therefore, it may conclude that companies with high levels of ERES make the use of earnings management as a means of IS. Originality/value - This study can find its significance from the fact that it is the first study, empirically verifying that companies of Korea, where exportation is a large part, use both AEM and REM as a means for smoothing reported income upon facing exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, it is highly expected that the results of this study could be useful for participants of financial markets when making IS-related decisions.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.82-98
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aims to overcome the limitations of existing studies, which linearly determine the precedence factors of competency in overseas subsidiaries. The research objectives are as follows. First, what kind of nonlinear effects does the level of control held by Korean headquarters over foreign subsidiaries have in terms of competency in the subsidiaries? Second, what kind of nonlinear effects do the local experiences of overseas subsidiaries have on their competency? Design/methodology - With data on Korean multinational corporations (MNCs), this paper analyzes the effects of control levels of headquarters (HQs) and host-country experiences of foreign subsidiaries regarding competency in overseas subsidiaries. In particular, this study focuses on nonlinear models, differentiating it from previous studies. In order to examine research hypotheses, this study conducted a survey of overseas subsidiaries of Korean corporations. Surveys were conducted through various methods including e-mail, online questionnaires, fax, and telephone calls. Copies of the questionnaire were distributed to a total of 2,246 overseas subsidiaries, and 409 completed responses were collected. Excluding 15 copies that were insufficiently answered, responses from a total of 394 copies were used for analysis. Findings - This study presents the following results. First, there is a U-shaped relationship between levels of HQ control and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that higher levels of HQ control negatively impact the competency levels of subsidiaries because strict control undermines autonomy in subsidiaries. However, if the level of HQ control exceeds a certain point, then the transfer of knowledge between HQs and subsidiaries is facilitated. Knowledge transferred from HQs can be used as prior knowledge by foreign subsidiaries to the benefit of all parties. Accordingly, knowledge transfer negates the negative effects of excessive HQ control and positively affects competency in subsidiaries. Second, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the local (host-country) experiences of subsidiaries and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that foreign subsidiaries can overcome the liabilities of foreignness and contribute to capability building by accumulating unique knowledge about their host countries. However, if local experiences accumulate excessively beyond a certain point, then the host country-specific experiences of foreign subsidiaries will offset the benefits discussed above. Excessive local experiences not only increase organizational inertia, but also create a problem of goal incongruence due to information asymmetry between HQs and subsidiaries. Therefore, excessive local experiences have negative effects on competency in foreign subsidiaries. Originality/value - This study suggests the following implications. First, unlike existing studies based mainly on linear models, this study presents important theoretical implications in its focus on nonlinear models and its analysis of the effects of HQ control and local experiences on competency in foreign subsidiaries from perspectives of organizational learning theory and agency theory. Second, in terms of practical implications, the results of this study suggest that optimally raising levels of HQ control and managing the local experiences of subsidiaries without increasing organizational inertia is important for enhancing competency in foreign subsidiaries.