• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.391-402
• /
• 2021

Earthworms play an important role in soil fertilization, interacting continually with microorganisms. This study aims to demonstrate the existence of beneficial microorganisms living in the earthworm's immune system, the coelomic fluid. To achieve this goal, a molecular identification technique was performed, using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcoding to identify abundant endogenic earthworms inhabiting the temperate zone of Rabat, Morocco. Then, 16S rDNA and ITS sequencing techniques were adopted for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Biochemical analysis, showed the ability of bacteria to produce characteristic enzymes and utilize substrates. Qualitative screening of plant growth-promoting traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilization, and indole acetic acid (IAA) production, was also performed. The result of mitochondrial COI barcoding allowed the identification of the earthworm species Aporrectodea molleri. Phenotypic and genotypic studies of the sixteen isolated bacteria and the two isolated fungi showed that they belong to the Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Buttiauxella, Enterobacter, Pantoea, and Raoultella, and the Penicillium genera, respectively. Most of the isolated bacteria in the coelomic fluid showed the ability to produce β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, Glutamyl-β-naphthylamidase, and aminopeptidase enzymes, utilizing substrates like aliphatic thiol, sorbitol, and fatty acid ester. Furthermore, three bacteria were able to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphate and potassium, and produce IAA. This initial study demonstrated that despite the immune property of earthworms' coelomic fluid, it harbors beneficial microorganisms. Thus, the presence of resistant microorganisms in the earthworm's immune system highlights a possible selection process at the coelomic fluid level.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.315-320
• /
• 1994

General anesthesia is necessary to operation in dept. of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Halothane is one of the most commonly used anesthetic agent for general anesthesia because of its property of nonexplosive, inexpensive, strong activeness and chemical stability. Halothane is fluorinated hydrocarbone anesthetic agent and structurally similiar to chloroform. On the contrary halothane has been reported to result in severe hepaitc necrosis in a small number of individuals. Although the mechanism of halothane induced toxic hapatitis is unclear, it appears to be closely related to reducting metabolite, reactant intermediate product, immune reaction, hypersensitivity and so on. This is a case report of 27 years old male patient occured halothane induced hepatitis following after operation of mandible fracture.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.380-399
• /
• 2010

In this paper, we present a new class of attacks against an anonymous communication protocol, originally presented in ACNS 2008. The protocol itself was proposed as an improved version of ModOnions, which exploits universal re-encryption in order to avoid replay attacks. However, ModOnions allowed the detour attack, introduced by Danezis to re-route ModOnions to attackers in such a way that the entire path is revealed. The ACNS 2008 proposal addressed this by using a more complicated key management scheme. The revised protocol is immune to detour attacks. We show, however, that the ModOnion construction is highly malleable and this property can be exploited in order to redirect ModOnions. Our attacks require detailed probing and are less efficient than the detour attack, but they can nevertheless recover the full onion path while avoiding detection and investigation. Motivated by this, we present modifications to the ModOnion protocol that dramatically reduce the malleability of the encryption primitive. It addresses the class of attacks we present and it makes other attacks difficult to formulate.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Scutellariae Radix water extract on hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Scutellariae Radix produced from South Korea (SK) and Scutellariae Radix produced from China (SC) were extracted by hot water. Effects of SK and SC on hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay after 20, 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL. Results : SK significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells for 20, 24, 28, 44, 48, and 52 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). But SC did not represent any significant effect on hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that Scutellariae Radix, especially produced from South Korea, has the immune-enhancing property related with its increasement of bacteriocidal hydrogen peroxide production in LPS-induced macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.32 no.4 s.127
• /
• pp.280-286
• /
• 2001

Epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main polyphenol component in green tea, inhibits angiogenesis, urokinase, and matalloproteinases, and EGCG also has the antioxidative property. Recent reports proposed that EGCG may modulate the immune response on allergy or asthma. Human nasal mucosal fibroblasts are a rich source of cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and chemokines. Chemokines are important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection, which is essential in host defense. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EGCG on the expression of the chemokines such as RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted), eotaxin, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human nasal mucosal fibroblasts after stimulation with cytokines like IL-4, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$, and $interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma})$. To detect the expression of chemokine genes, RT-PCR was performed. Expressions of RANTES, eotaxin, and IL-8 mRNA stimulated with IL-4 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were increased, respectively, while the expression of those genes incubated with $IFN-{\gamma}$ was similar pattern compared to control group. Analyses of chemokine genes of cells pretreated with EGCG showed that the expressions of eotaxin, and IL-8 genes stimulated $IFN-{\gamma}$ were higher compared with those not pretreated with EGCG.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.62-68
• /
• 2011

To isolate Lactic acid bacteria for animals, we have screened from Kim-chi, swine intestine, swine feces, and dairy products by random selection and anti-viral, antipathogenic bacteria test. Among them, CLP-1 shown that inhibitory effect against rotavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus, Salmonella sp, and E.coli. By examining biological property, API-ZYM and identified Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rDNAgene sequence. CLP-1 determined resistance to low pH and bile salt. Futhermore, the cell body of CLP-1 adhered to the intestinal epithelium tissue of swine and Caco-2 cell. CLP-1 was examined on cell immune system modulating activity in vitro. The whole cell and cell culture supernatant was increasing of interferon-${\beta}$ activity. And then, CLP-1 increased prevention effect by Salmonella enteritidis infection in SPF chickens. And we determined similar result in pigs.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.53-58
• /
• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of Scutellariae Radix Water Extract on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Methods : Scutellariae Radix produced from South Korea (SK) and Scutellariae Radix produced from China (SC) were extracted by hot water. Effects of SK and SC on hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay after 2, 4, 20, 24, 28, 44, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL. Results : SK significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells for 2, 4, 20, 24, 28, 44, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). SC also significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells for 4, 20, 24, 28, and 48 h incubation at the concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). For 2 h incubation, SC significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, and 100 ug/mL (P < 0.05). For 44 h incubation, SC significantly increase hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 ug/mL (P < 0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that Scutellariae Radix has the immune - enhancing property related with its increasement of hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2015

Natural cellulose hydrogel membrane cannot be directly used for cell encapsulation because it has many large pores on the surface that immune biomolecules are able to penetrate into easily. For the reason, alginate was used for the control of pore size of the cellulose hydrogel membrane. The surface morphology of cellulose/alginate nanocomposite confirmed the successful control of the porosity of the membrane. The permeability of the cellulose/alginate nanocomposite was decreased but mechanical properties were increased compared with the bacterial cellulose membrane. The cellulose/alginate nanocomposite could be used for the functional membrane as a promising biomedical material in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
• /
• 2000.05a
• /
• pp.88-89
• /
• 2000

Chitosan is derived from chitin by deacetylation in the presence of alkali, which is a copolymer consisting of $\beta$-(1longrightarrow4)-2-acetamido-D-glucose and $\beta$-(1longrightarrow4)-2-amino-D-glucose units with the latter usually exceeding 80% (Arvanitoyannis et al., 1998). Chitosan has been developed as new physiological material since it possesses antibacterial activity, hypocholesterolemic activity and antihypertensive action. However, even though chitosan has very strong functional properties in many areas, its high molecular weight and high viscosity may restrict the use in vivo. In addition, there is little doubt that such properties will influence absorption in the human intestine. Recently, studies on chitosan have attracted interest for converted chitosan to oligosaccharide, because the oligosaccharide possesses not only water-soluble property but also versatile functional properties such as antitumor activity, immune-enhancing effects, enhancement of protective effects against infection with some pathogens in mice, antifungal activity, calcium absorption accelerating effect (Jeon et al., 1999) and antimicrobial activity. There is, however, little information on the toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide. (omitted)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.297-304
• /
• 2005

Naturally occurring flavonoids are known to modulate various inflammatory and immune processes. Based on structural property, in this study, molecular mechanism of flavonoids in modulating nitric oxide (NO) production and its signaling pathway were investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. Although flavonol-typed flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin) more potently scavenged reactivity of nitric oxide ($\cdot$NO) as well as peroxynitrite (ONOO$\kappa$) than isoflavones (genistein and genistin), kaempferol, quercetin and genistein showed a little difference in inhibition of both inducible NO synthase expression and NO production, with IC$_{50}$ values of 13.9, 20.1 and 26.8 $\mu$M. However, there was a striking pattern related to structural feature in modulation of LPS-mediated signaling pathways. Thus, flavonols only inhibited transcription factor AP-1 activation, whereas isoflavones suppressed the DNA binding activation of NF-$\kappa$B and C/EBP$\beta$. Therefore, these data suggest that structural feature may be linked to decide drugs target molecule in LPS-mediated signaling pathways, rather than its potency.