• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.129-132
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• 2000

In this research, we proposed the immobilization zone where the organic contaminant would be fixed, so that ground water could be prevented from the organic contaminants. The surfactant was adsorbed on the soil particles and the organic contaminants were partitioned into the hydrophobic tails of the surfactant in the immobilization zone. Surfactants with different molecular structures-SDDBS (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid), MADS (monoalkylated disulfonated diphenyl oxide), DADS (dialkylated disulfonated diphenyl oxide) - were used in this study. Up to the present, the research on the immolization simulated the saturated condition. But many site contaminated with organic contaminants and the zones where immobilization would be applied are unsaturated. In this research, in order to investigate the behaviors of surfactants and organic contaminants in unsaturated condition, the unsaturated columns were experimented, and their results were compared with the saturated case.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.185-188
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• 2008

Purpose: Zone I fractures of the fifth metatarsal bone can generally be treated by conservative methods while both surgical and conservative methods are used for zone II fractures. However, the clinical results of conservative treatment have been rarely reported. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical results of conservative treatment for zone I and II nondisplaced fractures. Materials and Methods: Between July 2007 and August 2008, consecutive thirty seven patients (38 fractures) with zone I and II fractures of the fifth metatarsal bone were treated with tolerable weight bearing and minimum duration of immobilization based on pain on weight bearing. We evaluated the duration of immobilization, time to clinical and radiographic union, and time to pre-injury activity level. Results: Clinical and radiological union were achieved in all patients without any complications including malunion or nonunion. The mean duration of immobilization was 28.7 days. The mean 33.1 days and 48.9 days were required for clinical union and radiographic union respectively, after the initial injury. The mean time to pre-injury activity level was 4.8 months. Conclusion: Our study shows that the acute nondisplaced zone I, II fracture of fifth metatarsal bone can be treated effectively using tolerable weight bearing and minimum duration of immobilization, which is based on the pain on weight bearing.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 2003

An immobilization zone can be constructed by modifying soils in the vadose zone with surfactants, which can be used to promote retardation of organic contaminants in the subsurface. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the behavior of surfactants and organic contaminants in unsaturated and saturated conditions with different water contents (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Transport and sorption of surfactant (dialkylated disulfonated diphenyl oxide) in the columns containing aluminum oxide was similar under the conditions at different water contents. However, transport of a model organic compound (naphthalene) was retarded as the water content decreased by enhanced partitioning of the compound into the surfactants that were sorbed on the aluminum oxide. This suggests that the immobilization method could well be applied to vadose zone as well as to saturated zone.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.207-211
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the results of conservative treatment of zone I, II $5^{th}$ metatarsal base fracture. Materials and Methods: Between May 2004 and June 2010, a total of 58 patients of zone I, II $5^{th}$ metatarsal base fractures were included in this study. The mean length of follow-up was 13.5 months (12~36 months). All of the patients were treated with full-weight-bearing short leg cast immobilization for 4 weeks and wooden sole shoes for 4 weeks. The results were evaluated about the radiographic union, the midfoot scale of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS), the tenderness on fracture site and other complications. Results: All patients were able to return to their prior levels of activity. The mean time for union as shown on radiographs was 45.5 days, and the mean midfoot scale of AOFAS was 99.7 points. There were no nonunions or refractures during the follow-up. Conclusion: The conservative treatment with full-weight-bearing short leg cast and wooden sole shoes seems to give good results for zone I, II $5^{th}$ metatarsal base fracture.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.469-482
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• 2006

The term 'heat shock protein (Hsps)' was derived from the fact that these proteins were initially discovered to be induced by hyperthermic conditions. In response to a range of stressful stimuli, including hyperthermia, immobilization, UV radiation, amino acid analogues, arsenite, various chemicals, and drugs the mammalian brain demonstrates a rapid and intense induction of the heat shock protein. Moreover, Hsps were expressed on the various pathological conditions including trauma, focal or global ischemia, hypoxia, infarction, infections, starvation, and anoxia. Especially, Hsp25 has a protective activity, facilitated by the ability of the protein to decrease the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as its chaperone activity, which favors the degradation of oxidized proteins. Recently, it has clearly demonstrated that Hsp25 is constitutively expressed in the adult mouse cerebellum by parasagittal bands of purkinje cells in three distinct regions, the central zone (lobule VI-VII) and nodular zone (lobule IX-X), and paraflocculus. The Mongolian gerbil has been introduced into stroke study model because of its unique brain vasculature. There are no significant connections between the basilarvertebral system and the carotid system. This anatomy feature renders the mongolian gerbil susceptible to forebrain ischemia-induced seizure. The present study is designed to examine the pattern of Hsp25 expression in the cerebellum of this animal in comparison with that in mouse.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.367-374
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• 2021

This paper presents the characteristics of gentamicin-loaded into cetyl trimethyl ammonium intercalated montmorillonite (GtM/CTMA/Mt) as a hybrid composite for a slow-released antibacterial delivery systems. The work describes the successful immobilization of gentamicin into the interlayers of surfactant-modified montmorillonite. Physicochemical characterization of the material is carried out by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetics of the gentamicin release is investigated by in vitro study and analyzed based on UV-Vis spectrometry. In addition, antibacterial study is performed towards Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The results show that the gentamicin loading into CTMA/Mt increases the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity, as shown by the higher inhibition zone for all tested bacteria, compared to gentamicin as a positive control. The kinetics study suggests that the gentamicin release obeys the modified Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The physicochemical study and activity test demonstrate the feasibility of the GtM/CTMA/Mt for practical applications.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 2024

The integrity of the high cervical spine, the transition zone from the brainstem to the spinal cord, is crucial for survival and daily life. The region protects the enclosed neurovascular structure and allows a substantial portion of the head motion. Injuries of the high cervical spine are frequent, and the fractures of the C2 vertebra account for approximately 17-25% of acute cervical fractures. We review the two major types of C2 vertebral fractures, odontoid fracture and Hangman's fracture. For both types of fractures, favorable outcomes could be obtained if the delicately selected conservative treatment is performed. In odontoid fractures, as the most common fracture on the C2 vertebrae, anterior screw fixation is considered first for type II fractures, and C1-2 fusion is suggested when nonunion is a concern or occurs. Hangman's fractures are the second most common fracture. Many stable extension type I and II fractures can be treated with external immobilization, whereas the predominant flexion type IIA and III fractures require surgical stabilization. No result proves that either anterior or posterior surgery is superior, and the surgeon should decide on the surgical method after careful consideration according to each clinical situation. This review will briefly describe the basic principles and current treatment concepts of C2 fractures.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Purpose: Immobilizations used in order to maintain the reproducibility of a patient set-up and the stable posture for a long period are important more than anything else for the accurate treatment when the stereotactic body radiotherapy is underway. So the purpose of this study is to adapt the optimum immobilizations for the stereotactic body radiotherapy by comparing two commercial immobilizations with the self-manufactured immobilizations. Materials and Methods: Five people were selected for the experiment and three different immobilizations (A: Wing-board, B: BodyFix system, C: Arm up holder with vac-lock) were used to each target. After deciding on the target's most stable respiratory cycles, the targets were asked to wear a goggle monitor and maintain their respiration regularly for thirty minutes to obtain the respiratory signals. To analyze the respiratory signal, the standard deviation and the variation value of the peak value and the valley value of the respiratory signal were separated by time zone with the self-developed program at the hospital and each tie-downs were compared for the estimation by calculating a comparative index using the above. Results: The stability of each immobilizations were measured in consideration of deviation changes studied in each respiratory time lapse. Comparative indexes of each immobilizations of each experimenter are shown to be A: 11.20, B: 4.87, C: 1.63 / A: 3.94, B: 0.67, C: 0.13 / A: 2.41, B: 0.29, C: 0.04 / A: 0.16, B: 0.19, C: 0.007 / A: 35.70, B: 2.37, C: 1.86. And when all five experimenters wore the immobilizations C, the test proved the most stable value while four people wearing A and one man wearing D expressed relatively the most unstable respiratory outcomes. Conclusion: The self-developed immobilizations, so called the arm up holder vac-lock for the stereotactic body radiotherapy is expected to improve the effect of the treatment by decreasing the intra-fraction organ motions because it keeps the respiration more stable than other two immobilizations. Particularly in case of the stereotactic body therapy which requires the maintenance of set-up state for a long time, the self-developed immobilizations is thought to more useful for stereotactic body radiotherapy rather than the rest two immobilizations with instable respiratory cycle as time passes.