• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.766-772
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• 2008

The objective of this investigation was to develop iced cookies with freeze-dried yellow onion powder (YP) and red onion powder (RP) at composition levels of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10%. The moisture (13.61%) and crude ash contents (3.43%) of YP was higher than RP, while the crude protein (7.58%) and crude fat contents (0.65%) of RP was higher than YP. Freeze-dried YP showed a higher lightness and yellowness value compared to RP, because of the unique color of the onion. The browning index was lower in YP. The pH of the dough significantly decreased by addition of onion powder, while the density of the dough was significantly increased in RP samples than the others. The iced cookies showed a lower lightness value, and a higher redness value with increase of onion powder contents. Hardness of YP cookies up to 5% and RP cookies up to 3%, were lower compared to the control. With regards to the sensory characteristics, $3{\sim}5%$ YP cookies and 3% RP cookies were more acceptable than the others. As a result, the optimal ratio of freeze-dried YP and RP iced cookies were calculated at 5% YP and 3% RP levels.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.509-516
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• 2014

소비자의 건강지향적인 요구에 부합할 수 있는 새로운 건강기능성 제품 개발에 응용하기 위해 버터, 대두유, 올리브유, 포도씨유의 유지를 달리하고 호박페이스트 첨가냉동쿠키를 제조하여 품질특성을 조사하였다. 쿠키 반죽의 특성으로 반죽의 pH를 측정한 결과 대조군인 버터가 pH 6.55로 가장 높았으며 올리브유, 대두유 및 포도씨유가 각각 pH 6.47, 6.43 및 6.46로 시료 간의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 반죽의 밀도는 버터가 1.37 g/mL로 가장 높았고 수분함량은 버터가 14.65%로 가장 낮았으며 올리브유, 대두유, 포도씨유의 수분함량은 비슷한 수준이었다. 쿠키의 퍼짐성을 측정한 결과 버터 쿠키가 가장 높았고 대두유 쿠키가 가장 낮았다. 쿠키의 색도의 경우 L값은 올리브유 쿠키, a값은 대두유 쿠키, b값은 포도씨유 쿠키가 가장 높게 나타났다. 쿠키의 경도는 대두유 쿠키가 698.26으로 가장 높았으며 버터 쿠키가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 쿠키의 관능적 기호도 평가에서 모든 평가항목에서 포도씨유 쿠키를 가장 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 쿠키의 산화안정성으로 산가와 과산화물가를 측정한 결과 저장기간이 지날수록 식물성 유지가 버터보다 낮은 산가를 나타내어 산화억제 효과를 보였다. 과산화물가는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 모든 시료에서 증가하였으며 버터 쿠키에 비해 포도씨유 쿠키가 증가의 폭이 가장 적었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 쿠키 재료 중 버터를 대신하여 식물성 유지인 올리브유, 대두유, 포도씨유 모두 대체 이용 가능하며 특히 건강기능성에 부합하고 산화안정성으로 효과적인 포도씨유 쿠키가 좋을 것으로 보인다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop an optimal composite recipe of nutritional cookies containing oak mushroom (Lentinus edodes) powder that has a high preference score. Oak mushroom(Lentinus edodes) is considered a significantly wholesome food. In addition, the dried oak mushroom(Lentinus edodes) has a better flavor and more nutrients than the fresh oak mushroom since vitamins are activated during the drying process. Wheat flour was partially substituted with Lentinus edodes powder to reduce its content. The optimal sensory composite recipe was determined by making iced cookies which have the advantage of long storage, at 3 concentrations of Lentinus edodes powder, yellow sugar and butter, using the central composite design. In addition, the mixing condition of Lentinus edodes powder cookies was optimized by subjecting the cookies to a sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis using the response surface methodology(RSM). The effects of the addition of the three variables on the quality of Lentinus edodes cookies were assessed in terms of texture, color, spread ratio and sensory evaluation. The results of the sensory evaluation produced very significant values for color, appearance, texture, overall quality(p<0.05), flavor(p<0.01) and the results of instrumental analysis showed significant values in lightness(p<0.05), spread ratio, hardness(p<0.01). As a result, the optimal sensory ratio of Lentinus edodes cookies was determined to be Lentinus edodes powder 10.83g, yellow sugar 61.89 g, and butter 120.0 g.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.514-527
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were firstly to optimize the recipe for iced cookies by cooking with five different ingredient levels of $Jinuni\;bean(X_1),\;butter(X_2)\;&\;sugar(X_3)$ and secondly to analyze the chemical and sensory test results by using RSM(Response Surface Methodology). As a result of this test, water activity decreased with increasing contents of butter or sugar, while hydrophilic browning decreased independently with increasing sugar content. There was a positive correlation(p<.001) between specific gravity and hardness, although the result was not uniform due to the interaction of each factor. There was a negative correlation(p<.001) between the spread ratio and gravity or hardness, and it tended to increase with increasing each content. Color value L and color value a had positive correlation (p<.001) and the value tended to decrease with increasing the quantity of Jinuni bean. Generally, the strength of the cookies showed a saddle point at the peak of the 3d graph. As a result of sensory evaluation, the color was sensitive to the contents of sugar and Jinuni bean, the texture was sensitive to the contents of butter and sugar, and the taste and overall quality were sensitive to all three factors. Color had a positive correlation(p<.05) with the taste, texture and overall quality. There were high positive correlations(p<.001) between the taste, texture and overall quality. The preference data showed an up-swollen, parabolic shape in the center of the 34 graph, which enabled the optimum value to be determined and the optimum mixture ratio which fulfilled all sensory items was Jinuni bean 93g, butter 188.5g and sugar 155g, indicating a substitution of flour by $44\%$.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find the optimal mixing condition of three different amounts of pine leaf powder, butter and sugar for preparation of pine leaf cookies. The optimum mixing condition for pine leaf cookies was optimized by response surface methodology The optimum mixing rates of pine leaf powder, butter and sugar were 8.6 g, 252.8 g and 154.1 g for color, 8.4 g, 240.7 g and 149.8 g for appearance, 8.8 g, 246.5 g and 154.7 g for flavor and 10.9 g, 277.1 g and 134.6 g for texture respectively. The optimum mixture ratio which fulfilled all items was pine leaf powder 9.4 g, butter 270.5 g and sugar 141 g.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.448-459
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• 2006

This study was conducted to develop a optimal composite recipe of a functional cookie including Red Ginseng powder and having the high preference to all age groups. Wheat flour was partially substituted by Red Ginseng powder to reduce the content of wheat flour. The sensory optimal composite recipe was produced by making iced cookies, with 5 levels of Red Ginseng $powder(X_1),\;sugar(X_2),\;butter(X_3)$, respectively, by C.C.D(Central Composite Design) and by conducting the sensory evaluation and the instrumental analysis by Response Surface Methodology(RSM). The results of sensory evaluation showed very significant values in color, appearance, texture, overall quality(p<0.05), flavor(p<0.01) and those of instrumental analysis showed significant values in lightness, redness(p<0.05), spread ratio, hardness(p<0.01). As a result, sensory optimal ratio of Red Ginseng cookie was calculated at Red Ginseng powder 25.4 g, sugar 147.1 g, butter 153.4 g.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.516-524
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• 2005

This study was conducted to develop a functional cookie with the addition of a sweet pumpkin powder on a cookie shape, that showed high preference level to all age group and that was very easily to store because of low moisture content, by substituting partially a sweet pumpkin powder for reducing content of wheat flour. This study has produced the sensory optimal composite recipe by making iced cookies, respectively, with each 5 level of Sweet pumpkin powder($X_{1}$), sugar($X_{2}$), butter($X_{3}$), by C.C.D(Central Composite Design) and conducting sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis by means of RSM(Response Surface Methodology). Sensory items showed very significant values in color, appearance, flavor, overall quality(p<0.05), texture(p<0.01), and instrumental analysis showed significant values in lightness, redness(p<0.01), yellowness, spread ratio, hardness(p<0.05). Also sensory optimal ratio of Sweet pumpkin cookie was calculated as sweet pumpkin powder 81.8g, sugar 116.6g, butter 210.7g, and it was revealed that the factors of influencing cookie aptitude were in order of Sweet pumpkin powder, butter, sugar.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 기능성 쿠키 제조 및 쿠키의 품질 향상을 위한 목적으로 동결건조한 흑토마토 분말을 첨가하여 냉동쿠키를 제조하고, 분말 첨가 비율(1~7%)에 따른 쿠키의 품질특성, 항산화 활성 및 관능 특성을 분석하였다. 반죽의 밀도는 1%, 3% 첨가군은 대조군에 비하여 낮게 나타났으나, 3~7% 첨가군 사이에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 반죽의 pH는 7% 첨가군에서 5.16으로 가장 낮았다. 퍼짐성은 흑토마토 분말 첨가량에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 굽기 손실은 5% 첨가군까지는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 5% 첨가군과 7% 첨가군 사이에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 색도 측정에서 L(명도) 값은 점차 감소하였고, a(적색도) 값은 흑토마토 분말 첨가군이 대조군보다 더 높았으나 흑토마토 분말을 5% 이상 첨가하였을 때는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. b(황색도) 값은 5% 첨가군까지 대조군(26.34)에 비해 감소하는 경향을 보였다. ${\Delta}E$(총색차값)도 5% 첨가군과 7% 첨가군에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 경도는 대조군이 $107.77g/cm^2$로 가장 낮았으며, 7% 첨가군이 $170.50g/cm^2$로 가장 높았다. 흑토마토 분말 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 총 폴리페놀 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였고, DPPH $IC_{50}$은 감소하여 쿠키의 항산화력이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 관능 검사에서 소비자 기호도 항목 중 색과 조직감 항목에서 흑토마토 분말 첨가군이 대조군보다 더 높은 점수를 받았다. 특성 강도는 모든 항목에서 대조군 및 첨가군 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 전반적인 기호도는 3%, 5% 첨가군이 4.93으로 대조군의 3.99보다 높은 점수를 받았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 흑토마토 분말을 첨가하였을 때 쿠키의 퍼짐성이 증가하고, 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH 라디칼 소거능이 증가하였으며, 관능평가에서도 색, 조직감 등에서 대조군에 비해 좋은 평가를 받았다. 흑토마토 분말은 쿠키의 품질 특성 및 항산화 활성에 긍정적인 효과를 주어, 기능성 쿠키 제조 및 쿠키의 품질 향상을 위한 흑토마토 분말의 이용 가능성을 확인하였다. 그러나 흑토마토 분말을 5% 이상 첨가하였을 때 밀도, 굽기 손실, 색상, 특성 강도 등에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 관능검사에서도 소비자들이 전반적으로 5% 첨가군을 가장 선호할 것으로 예상되어 흑토마토 분말의 첨가량을 적절히 조절해야 할 필요성이 발견되었다. 쿠키를 제조할 시 밀가루의 5%를 대체하는 것이 가장 바람직할 것으로 예상된다.