• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2013

Acute gastric ulcer is caused by the unbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric mucosa. Platycodin D (PD) has been reported to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and antiin-flammatory effect. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of PD on the basis of cell proliferation/apoptosis and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the acute gastric ulcer induced by ibuprofen in Rats. Acute gastric damage was induced by the repeated treatment of ibuprofen (200 mg/kg) with 8 hrs interval in a day. PD was orally administrated at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg every day for 5 days before the induction of acute gastric ulcer. Macroscopically, ibuprofen caused a significant increase in the number of lesions in the gastric mucosa. But pretreatment of PD significantly reduced ibuprofen-induced gastric lesion score and prevented excessive mucus depletion in gastric mucosa. Also, pretreatment of PD counteracted significantly Ki-67 decrease in the proliferating zone of gastric glandular portion and highly reduced or delayed apoptotic cells on TUNEL assay. In addition, COX-2 expression was increased in gastric mucosa bearing erosions or ulcers but pretreatment of PD reduced COX-2 expression in gastric lesions. These results show that pretreatment of PD has a protective effect against ibuprofen-induced gastric damage, not only by counteracting a decrease of cell proliferation, but also by inhibiting or delaying apoptosis via regulation of COX-2 within the gastric mucosa.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2010

The oxidative metabolism of ibuprofen in healthy male urine collected at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 h after oral administration of ibuprofen was studied by GC/MS assay. To detect conjugated metabolites of ibuprofen, urine sample was acid-hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. To effectively extract ibuprofen and its metabolites, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was conducted at pH 3, 5, and 7, respectively. As a result, LLE at pH 3 was shown to be the best extraction condition. For the determination of trace amounts of ibuprofen and its metabolites in extract, trimethylsilylation (TMS) with BSTFA was applied and followed by GC/MS analysis. In this study, main 5 metabolites including parent drug were detected and these metabolites were assigned as three hydroxylated forms and one carboxylated form. Each metabolite was tentatively identified by both interpretation of mass spectrum and comparison with previously reported results. In addition, time profile of urinary excretion rate for parent drugs and metabolites was studied. Finally, the metabolic pathways of ibuprofen were suggested on the basis of the structural elucidation of its metabolites and excretion profiles.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.340-342
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• 1988

New synthetic method for ibuprofen, which is a potent antiinflammatory agent, was described. Ethyl ${\alpha}-methylthio-p-isobutylphenylacetate$ was obtained from Friedel-Crafts reaction of isobutylbenzene with ethyl ${\alpha}-chloro-{\alpha}-(methylthio)acetate$ in the presence of $SnCl_4$. Ibuprofen was prepared in good yield by treatment of ethyl ${\alpha}-methylthio-p-isobutylphenylacetate$ with NaH and MeI, followed by desulfurization with zinc dust-acetic acid and hydrolysis of the resultant ethyl 2-methylthio-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionate.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.240-245
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• 2011

This research focused on the intercalation behavior of recrystallized ibuprofen into clay as a sustained release drug carrier. The intercalation behaviors of ibuprofen were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The basal spacing ($d_{001}$) of clay increased from 1.2 nm to 1.5 nm by ibuprofen molecules. The segmental motion effect of ibuprofen into the clay interlayer spacing also increased the thermal stability of the ibuprofen/clay nanocomposites. The in vitro drug release results of nanocomposites showed that ibuprofen was released from clay steadily.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.465-471
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• 2008

Highly active, stable, and magnetically separable immobilized enzymes were developed using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and diethylaminoethyl cellulose DEAE-C; hereafter designated "DEAE" as supporting materials. Iron oxide nanoparticles penetrated the micropores of the supporting materials, rendering them magnetically separable. Lipase (LP) was immobilized on the surface of the supporting materials by using cross-linked enzyme aggregation (CLEA) by glutaraldehyde. The activity of enzyme aggregates coated on DEAE was approximately 2 times higher than that of enzyme aggregates coated on CMC. This is explained by the fact that enzyme aggregates with amine residues are more efficient than those with carboxyl residues. After a 96-h enantioselective ibuprofen esterification reaction, 6% ibuprofen propyl ester was produced from the racemic mixture of ibuprofen by using DEAE-LP, and 2.8% using CMC-LP.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.563-569
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• 1992

The sorption and desorption properties of four different solid adsorbents were evaluated for the trace enrichment of ibuprofen from biological samples. Chromosorb 107 gave the highest dynamic adsorption coefficient. Among the organic solvents examined, acetone gave the highest desorption coefficient. Using the Chromosorb 107 column, the optimum elution volume of the eluting solvent was evaluated from the breakthrough curve of ibuprofen. The usefulness of Chromosorb 107 as the solid adsorbent and acetone as the eluting solvent was examined for the solid-phase extraction of ibuprofen from serum in the concentration range of $20{\sim}40\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1146-1149
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• 2002

Acute vanishing bile syndrome is a cause of progressive cholestasis. It is most often drug or toxin related. It's pathogenesis is unknown. Stevens-Johnson syndorme is a well-recognized immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. It is induced by drug or infection. It has classic systemic, mucosal, and dermatologic manifestations. We report a case of a 14 years old female suffering from Stevens-Johnson syndrome plus vanishing bile duct syndrome associated with ibuprofen use. We report the case with a brief review of its related literature.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.66-69
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• 2010

An antral web is an extremely rare gastric anomaly that disturbs the gastric outlet. The onset of symptoms will depend on the diameter of the aperture. Obstructive symptoms may not occur when the aperture is >1 centimeter in diameter. If the aperture is larger than 1 cm without significant symptoms, conservative treatment is sufficient. A case of an antral web with an ulcer and vomiting in a 7-year-old boy who received ibuprofen for 2 days is presented. The patient became symptom-free after medical treatment.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2004

We have synthesized various types of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-ibuprofen conjugates by the nucleophilic substitution of bromo-terminated PEG with ibuprofen-Cs salt; PN (Pluronic) was also used in place of PEG. All the bromo-terminated PEGs and PN were obtained in high yield. Conversions of the terminal hydroxyl groups to bromo-termini were quantitative, as were the drug conjugation processes. The Ι$_1$/Ι$_3$values obtained from solutions of the ibuprofen-conjugated prodrugs are summarized in relation to those of ibuprofen in water and in aqueous solutions of the original PEG, PN, and several ordinary surfactants. We believe that the fully hydrophilic PEG is completely hydrated and forms no hydrophobic pocket by segment aggregation. These results indicate that the probe environment is significantly hydrophobic, particularly in the solution of prodrug PN, for which the ratio is similar to that obtained from typical micelles of surfactants. The results suggest, therefore, that the present synthetic method is very useful for preparing PEG-based prodrugs from pharmaceuticals having carboxyl functionalities.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.100-102
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• 2002

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for treatment of animals. Their use is limited by frequent side effects commonly involving the gastrointestinal tract, most important of which is development of ulcerating lesions principally In the stomach. Unfortunately, presence of such lesions is often unsuspected because clinical signs may be overlooked until a complication develops. A 5-year-old, female mongrel dog was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Chungbuk National University. She was showed vomiting, anorexia and lethargy after administration of ibuprofen (400 mg/body, qid, oral) for 5 days. General examination and plain radiography were performed in the patient. Physical examination, hematologic values, chemical profiles, urinalysis and radiographs were normal. Therefore, endoscopic examination was performed in this patient and confirmed to show the gastric ulcer in pyloric region of the stomach. Drug therapy was performed successfully in this case. This article reports the development of a gastric ulcer associated with orthopedic disease treated by ibuprofen.