• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.115-123
• /
• 1982

The systematic school dental health programmes have been recognized as one of the most effective national dental health measures. This study was conducted to estimate the number of dentists required for the systematic school dental programmes in Korea applying the methodology recommended by WHO. Information necessary for the study was obtained by a mass oral examination to the 1241 primary and middle school students in Kang Wha area. First and 6th grade students from primary school and 3rd year students from middle school were specifically selected for the examination. The results are summarized below: 1) For the Type I program recommended by WHO, 1.8 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. For the Type II program 2.5 dentists, Type III program 2.0 dentists, Type IV program 3.6 dentists per 10,000 primary school children were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend the systematic school dental programmes to the middle students, 2.0 dentists for the Type I program and 2.4 dentists for the Type II program 2.2 dentists for the Type III program, 3.6 dentists for the Type IV program per 10,000 students were estimated to be necessary. 2) If we assume that prophylaxis are done by hygienist, for the Type I program 1.3 dentists and 0.5 hygienist, for the Type II program 1.8 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 1.3 dentists and 0.7 hygienist, for the Type III program 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienists per 10,000 primary school students were estimated to be necessary. In order to extend this program to the middle school, 1.4 dentists and 0.6 hygienist for the Type I program, 1.6 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type II program, 1.4 dentists and 0.8 hygienist for the Type III program, 2.2 dentists and 1.4 hygienist for the Type IV program per 10.000 students were estimated to be necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2005

We examined whether the abnormal EEG state by NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 can be reversed by typical and atypical antipsychotics differentially by comparing their spectral profiles after drug treatment in rats. The spectral profiles produced by typical antipsychotics chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) were differ from that by atypical antipsychotic clozapine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in the rats treated with or without MK-801 treatment (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) which produce behavioral abnormalities like hyperlocomotion and stereotypy. The dissimilarity between the states produced by antipsychotics and the control state was examined with the distance of the location of the canonical variables calculated by stepwise discriminant analysis with the relative band powers as input variables. Although clozapine produced more different state from normal state than typical antipsychotics, clozapine could reverse the abnormal schizophrenic state induced by MK-801 to the state closer to the normal state than the typical antipsychotics. The results suggest that atypical anesthetic can reverse the abnormal schizophrenic state with negative symptom to the normal state better than typical antipsychotic. The results indicate that the multivariate discriminant analysis using the spectral parameters can help differentiate the antipsychotics with different actions.

• 한국비블리아학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.27-45
• /
• 2024

본 연구 목적은 학교급별 학교도서관에 사용된 색채를 분석하고 색채가 주는 형용사 이미지를 파악하는 것이다. 초등학교, 중학교, 고등학교의 15개 학교도서관 이미지를 KSCA프로그램을 이용하여 색채를 추출하여 색상, 명도, 채도를 분석하였다. 또한 추출된 색을 I.R.I 이미지 스케일을 이용하여 형용사를 파악하였다. 분석 결과, 색상은 초등학교와 고등학교에서는 YR (Yellow Red), N (Neutral), Y (Yellow) 계열 순으로 사용되었으나 중학교에서는 YR (Yellow Red), N (Neutral), R (Red) 계열 순으로 나타났다. 모든 학교도서관에 사용된 색채의 명도는 평균적으로 중명도가 사용되었으며, 채도는 낮은 채도로 이루어져 있었다. 색채의 형용사 이미지는 '점잖은'이라는 형용사가 학교도서관에서 가장 많이 도출되었다. 학교도서관은 학교급별로 공간구성 색채에 있어 특별한 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 비슷한 색채와 형용사 이미지를 가진 것으로 나타났다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.986-992
• /
• 2009

Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical mediators of the innate immune system to defend viral infection. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) play critical roles in type I IFN production in response to viral infection. Luteolin is natural polyphenolic compounds that have anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-carcinogenic effects. However, the mechanism of action and impact of luteolin on innate immunity is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of luteolin on the lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses. Luteolin inhibited Type I IFNs expression of mRNA and increased interleukin(IL)-10 expression of mRNA. Next, we examined the protective effects of IL-10 using IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA). Blockade of IL-10 action didn't cause a significant reduction of Type I IFNs than LPS-induced luteolin pretreatment. Pretreatment of luteolin inhibited the level of IRF-1, and IRF-7 mRNA and the nuclear translocation of IRF-3. Also, luteolin reduced the activation of STAT - 1, 3. Theses results suggest that luteolin inhibits LPS-induced the production of Type I IFNS by both IRFs and STATs not IL-10 and may be a beneficial drug for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.202-210
• /
• 2024

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer polysaccharides exhibit various biological functions, like antagonizing galectin-3-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-8 (Gal-8), with its linker-joined N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), is also crucial to these biological processes, and thus plays a role in various pathological disorders. Yet the effect of ginseng-derived polysaccharides in modulating Gal-8 function has remained unclear. Methods: P. ginseng-derived pectin was chromatographically isolated and enzymatically digested to obtain a series of polysaccharides. Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) quantified their binding affinity to Gal-8, and their inhibitory effects on Gal-8 was assessed by hemagglutination, cell migration and T-cell apoptosis. Results: Our ginseng-derived pectin polysaccharides consist mostly of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG). BLI shows that Gal-8 binding rests primarily in RG-I and its β-1,4-galactan side chains, with sub-micromolar K_D values. Both N- and C-terminal Gal-8 CRDs bind RG-I, with binding correlated with Gal-8-mediated function. Conclusion: P. ginseng RG-I pectin β-1,4-galactan side chains are crucial to binding Gal-8 and antagonizing its function. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-sugar interactions, information that may be used in the development of pharmaceutical agents targeting Gal-8.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제38권6호
• /
• pp.573-579
• /
• 2015

Apolipoprotein A-I and A-IV are protein constituents of high-density lipoproteins although their functional difference in lipoprotein metabolism is still unclear. To compare anti-atherogenic properties between apoA-I and apoA-4, we characterized both proteins in lipid-free and lipidbound state. In lipid-free state, apoA4 showed two distinct bands, around 78 and $67{\AA}$ on native gel electrophoresis, while apoA-I showed scattered band pattern less than $71{\AA}$. In reconstituted HDL (rHDL) state, apoA-4 showed three major bands around $101{\AA}$ and $113{\AA}$, while apoA-I-rHDL showed almost single band around $98{\AA}$ size. Lipid-free apoA-I showed 2.9-fold higher phospholipid binding ability than apoA-4. In lipid-free state, $BS_3$-crosslinking revealed that apoA-4 showed less multimerization tendency upto dimer, while apoA-I showed pentamerization. In rHDL state (95:1), apoA-4 was existed as dimer as like as apoA-I. With higher phospholipid content (255:1), five apoA-I and three apoA-4 were required to the bigger rHDL formation. Regardless of particle size, apoA-I-rHDL showed superior LCAT activation ability than apoA-4-rHDL. Uptake of acetylated LDL was inhibited by apoA-I in both lipid-free and lipid-bound state, while apoA-4 inhibited it only lipid-free state. ApoA-4 showed less anti-atherogenic activity with more sensitivity to glycation. In conclusion, apoA-4 showed inferior physiological functions in lipid-bound state, compared with those of apoA-I, to induce more pro-atherosclerotic properties.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.357-369
• /
• 2005

치아 우식은 석회화 조직의 일부가 용해되고 파괴되는 감염성 세균 질환이다. 최근에 보고된 치아우식증 관련 미생물에 대한 연구는 대부분이 Streptococcus mutans와 같은 Mutans streptococci에 초점을 맞추고 있다. Mutans streptococci는 7가지의 서로 다른 종(S. cricetus, S. downei, S. ferus, S. macacae, S. mutans, S. rattus, S. sobrinus)과 8가지의 혈청형(serotype a-h)을 모두 포함하여 일컫는다. 산 생성으로 인한 치아의 법랑질 탈회뿐 아니라 치면에 접착하여 군집를 형성하는 것이 균의 독성에 있어 중요하다. 그러므로 우식은 치태와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 이런 초기 군집 형성은 antigen I/II(Ag I/II)와 glucosyltransferase(GTF)에 의해 이루어진다. 그러므로, Ag I/II와 GTF는 S. mutans GS-5에 대한 백신개발에 있어 적당한 목표가 된다. 본 실험은 S. mutans GS-5로부터 ag I/II와 gtfD 유전자를 복제하고 나열하였다. 핵산의 나열순서 분석결과 앞서 보고된 나열과 높은 일치도를 보였다. 복제된 Ag I/II와 앞서 보고된 S. mutans GS-5의 해당 부위의 280개의 핵산은 완벽하게 일치하였다. gtfD와 S. mutans UA159와 비교시, 105개의 아미노산 중 4부위에서 변화를 관찰하였다.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.74-84
• /
• 2004

목적:. I-125는 저에너지(27-35 keV) 방사선을 방출하기 때문에 두께가 얇은 섬광결정과 조준기를 사용할 수 있어 고분해능, 고민감도 영상획득에 유리한 물리적 특성을 가지고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 새로운 시뮬레이션 도구인 GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission)를 사용하여 최적의 I-125 SPECT 시스템 파라미터를 도출하는 것이다. 대상 및 방법: 시뮬레이션 방법의 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해, Weisenberger 등이 개발한 감마 카메라 시스템을 모사하였다. 섬광체로 평판형 Nal(T1)을 사용하였으며, 두께는 검출효율을 계산해서 결정하였다. 평행구멍조준기와 바늘구멍조준기의 여러 파라미터가 공간분해능과 민감도에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 그리고 최적화된 조준기를 결합한 I-125 SPECT의 성능을 평가하였다. 결과: 시뮬레이션에 대한 신뢰성 검증연구 결과, 측정과 시뮬레이션에서 공간분해능(4%)과 민감도(3%)가 유사함을 확인하였다. Nal(T1) 두께는 I-125 감마선을 98% 검출할 수 있도록 1 mm로 결정하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 고분해능 평행구멍조준기로 구멍크기가 0.2 mm이고 길이가 5 mm인 사각구멍조준기를 선택하였고, 범용 평행구멍조준기로 구멍크기가 0.5 m이고, 길이가 10 mm인 육각구멍조준기를 선택하였다. 바늘구멍조준기는 구멍지름이 0.25 mm이고 채널높이가 0.1 mm이며, 허용각도가 90도인 조준기를 선택하였다. 최적화된 고분해능 평행구멍조준기, 범용 평행구멍조준기, 바늘구멍조준기를 결합한 I-125 SPECT의 재구성 영상 공간분해능은 각각 1.2 mm, 1.7 mm, 0.8 mm였으며, 민감도는 39.7 cps/MBq, 71.9 cps/MBq, 5.5 cps/MBq이었다. 결론: GATE 시뮬레이션으로 I-125 영상에 적합한 섬광결정 파라미터 및 조준기 파라미터를 도출하였다. 이 연구결과는 I-125 SPECT로 탁월한 고분해능, 고민감도 영상을 얻을 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the indoor environment i.e. house type and age, ventilation method, use of bed & sofa, cockroach, ants, etc. on HDM (House dust mites), especially Der fI allergen. Method: Samples of dust from mattresses, pillows and the floor were collected by using a vacuum cleaner from April. 2000. The amount of Group I allergen(Der. fI) of HDM (house dust mites) were measured by two-site ELISA. Indoor Environmental characteristics were accessed by using questionnaires on 178 house wives living in the Seoul area. Results: The amount of HDM allergen (Der fI) was higher in sofa using house. There were higher concentrations of HDM allergen (Der fI) in sofas made from quilt material than for those that were made from leather. Homes that had pets like dogs living in them had higher concentrations of HDM allergen (Der fI) than without dogs. Conclusion: The photophobic mites thrive in dark. warm and humid environments; Items such as pillows. mattresses, box springs, blankets. carpets. and upholstered furniture should be considered ideal environments for the mite. Therefore, an indoor environmental control program should be carried out to avoid the HDM allergen.

• 혜화의학회지
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.87-95
• /
• 2004

The medicine through I-Ching(The Book of Changes, 易經) is a field of the medical science, which studies physiology, pathology and Yin-Yang philosophy. From ancient times so many scholars have studied I Ching and they are divided into two different school. one is the school of Image and Number(象數學派), the other is the school of reason(義理學派). Da-San Jung Yak-Yong(茶山 丁若鏞) is a distinguished scholar in the I-Ching study, and he had a unique opinion in the analysis about sentences of I Ching. He has done his best to make 'Image and Number(象數)' harmonize with reason(義理). I Ching is the book about changes, which includes everything like natural phenomena, human body and mind. So we can understand human physiology and pathology through I Ching. But it's important to understand it was organized by symbols. The main symbols are Ba-Gua(八卦), 12 Bi-Gua, Zai-Ruo-zhi-Gua(再閏之卦), 50 Yan-Gua(50衍卦) and these symbols originated from the imagess of the four seasons. The image of 12 Bi-Gua coincide with 12 jing-lao(經絡), the images of Zai-Ruo-zhi-Gua(再閏之卦) coinside with Ren-mai(任脈), Du-mai(督脈). 12 Bi-Gua and Zai-Ruo-zhi-Gua(再閏之卦) are fundamental stuffs, on the other hand 50 Yan-Gua(50衍卦) is an application of every phenomenon.