• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.331-335
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• 2020

A 13-year-old female Poodle presented with gallbladder rupture caused by a mucocele and hypoperfusion. The animal had a thermal burn injury caused by a forced-air warming device used for hypothermia during surgery. This could be attributed to two causes. First, the forced-air warming device was used with direct hosing, without attachment to an air blanket, and the heat was concentrated in a single area. Second, perioperative peripheral hypoperfusion hampered heat dissipation and increased the susceptibility to a burn injury. These findings suggest that an air blanket should be used with a forced-air warming device according to the manufacturer's instructions. Furthermore, patients with peripheral hypoperfusion are at a higher risk of burn injuries and require close monitoring.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.169-182
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• 2000

목적: Ictal SPECT의 간질 병소를 찾는 민감도와 정확도는 각 연구마다 다르다. 발작 중에 발생할 수 있는 여러 가지 형태의 뇌혈류변화를 알아보고 이와 관련된 임상 요인들을 찾아보기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 간질 수술을 받을 61명의 부분적 간질 환자들에서 interictal SPECT와 ictal SPECT를 시행한 후 두 영상을 차감하여 subtraction SPECT (sub-SPECT)영상을 구하였다. Sub-SPECT에서 보인 발작 중 뇌혈류변화의 형태는 1) 국소 뇌혈류증가(focal hyperperfusion), 2) 뇌혈류증가 플러스(hyperperfusion-plus), 3) 국소 뇌혈류감소(focal hypoperfusion), 그리고, 4) 혈류증가-감소 복합형(combined hyperperfusion-hypoperfusion)의 4가지로 나누었다. 각 형태 별로 간질초점 (epielptic focus)과의 일치율 (concordance rate)을 산출하였다. 결과: Conventional ictal SPECT 분석법의 간질촛점 진단율은 68.9%이었고, sub-SPECT의 진단율은 뇌혈류증가 만을 분석하였을때는 85.2%이었고, 뇌혈류 증가 및 감소를 모두 평가하였을 때는 91.3%이었다. 발작 중 국소 뇌혈류 감소는 측두엽외 간질에 비하여, 측두엽 간질에서 더 드물게 관찰되었다. 내측 측두엽에서만 발생한 뇌혈류증가는 내측 측두엽간질에서만 관찰되었고, 외측 측두엽에서만 발생한 뇌혈류증가는 신피질 측두엽간질에서만 관찰되었다. 해마 경화를 동반한 측두엽간질은 다른 병리소견에 비하여 발작 중 뇌혈류감소 현상을 매우 적게 보였다. 결론: Ictal SPECT를 분석할 때는 뇌혈류증가 뿐만 아니라 뇌혈류감소 현상도 유심히 보아야 하며, 발작 중 국소 뇌혈류감소의 기전으로 간질초점의 발작 중 초기 에너지고갈 (intra-ictal early exhaustion) 또는 간질초점 주변부로의 발작파 전파에 의한 steal 현상 등을 생각할 수 있지만 앞으로 규명하여야 할 과제이다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.445-455
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• 2000

목적: TBI 환자의 SPECT상 혈류장애를 보이는 부위의 분포를 조사하였으며 대뇌피질과 동반된 시상의 혈류변화를 관찰하여 환자의 인지 및 행동 장애 정도를 예측 할 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: TBI 후 $0.5{\sim}55$개월까지(평균 10.3개월) 뇌손상 평가를 위해 MRI영상과 Tc-99m ECD SPECT를 시행한 103명의 환자를 대상으로 하였고 남자 81명과 여자 22명이었으며, 평균연령은 $34.7{\pm}15.4$세였다. 대상환자들은 MRI영상에서 정상, 국소손상 또는 미만성 손상여부에 따라 3군으로 나누었다. 신경심리학적 검사는 정신과 의사에 의한 행동 및 성격변화의 관찰과 임상심리사에 의한 인지기능검사에 의해 총 11개의 항목이 평가되었다. SPECT에서 혈류감소를 보이는 대뇌피질의 분포를 비교하였으며 대뇌피질과 시상의 혈류감소를 같이 보인 경우와 시상의 혈류가 정상인 경우로 나누어 인지 및 행동 장애정도와 관계가 있는지 Mann-whitney의 U검정을 이용하여 유의성을 알아보았다 결과: 혈류감소를 보인 병변의 분포는 전두엽(1군 42.3%, 2군 34.5%, 3군 33.3%), 측두엽($24{\sim}26%$), 시상($21{\sim}22.4%$), 두정엽과 후두엽(10%이하)순이었다. 또한 대뇌피질과 시상의 혈류감소가 같이 있었던 경우와 시상이 정상 혈류를 보였던 경우 신경정신과적 증상을 보인 항목 수와 비교한 결과 1군에서는 전자와 후자의 경우 각각 $4.7{\pm}1.5$개와 $3.2{\pm}1.4$개였으며, 2군에서 $5.0{\pm}1.1$개와 $4.8{\pm}1.2$개, 3군에서는 $6.8{\pm}1.8$개와 $6.3{\pm}1.1$개로 MRI에서 손상의 정도가 많을수록 신경정신과적 후유증은 많았으나 SPECT에서 시상의 혈류감소 유무에 따른 증상의 심각성과 관계는 1군에서만 유의하였다(p=0.002). 결론: TBI 후 기질적 정신장애를 갖는 환자의 뇌혈류 SPECT에서 혈류감소를 보이는 병변은 주로 전두엽, 측두엽, 시상순으로 많았고 특히 전두엽은 MRI에서 정상을 보인 군에서 더욱 많은 비율을 차지하였다. MRI에서 정상일 때 SPECT에서 대뇌피질과 시상의 혈류감소가 같이 동반된 경우 시상이 정상혈류를 보인 경우보다 인지 및 행동장애의 심각성과 유의한 관계를 보였다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2016

Objectives : Polygalae Radix (POL) has an ameliorating effect on learning and memory impairment caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. In regard to POL's action mechanism, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of POL on oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.Methods : The cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rats. POL was administered orally once a day (130 mg/kg of water-extract) for 28 days starting at 4 weeks after the pBCAO. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain tissue were measured using ELISA method. Expressions of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were observed using immunohistochemistry. In addition, neuronal apoptosis was evaluated with Cresyl violet staining, TUNEL labeling, and immunohistochemistry against Bax and caspase-3.Results : POL treatment significantly increased SOD activities and significantly reduced MDA levels in the cerebral cortex. The up-regulations of 4HNE and 8-OHdG expression caused by pBCAO in the CA1 of hippocampus were significantly attenuated by POL treatment. POL treatment also restored the reduction of CA1 thickness and CA1 neurons caused by pBCAO and significantly attenuated the apoptotic markers including TUNEL-positive cells, Bax, and caspase-3 expression in the CA1 of hippocampus.Conclusions : The results show that POL attenuated the oxidative damage in brain tissue and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus caused by the cerebral hypoperfusion. It suggests that POL can be a beneficial medicinal herb to treat the brain diseases related to cerebral hypoperfusion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.816-824
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• 2022

Objective : Emergency superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis in patients with large vessel occlusion who fails mechanical thrombectomy or does not become an indication due to over the time window can be done as an alternative for blood flow restoration. The authors planned this study to quantitatively measure the degree of improvement in cerebral perfusion flow using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after bypass surgery and to find out what factors are related to the outcome of the bypass surgery. Methods : For a total of 107 patients who underwent emergent STA-MCA bypass surgery with large vessel occlusion, the National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin score (mRS), infarction volume, and hypoperfusion area volume was calculated, the duration between symptom onset and reperfusion time, occlusion site and infarction type were analyzed. After emergency STA-MCA bypass, hypoperfusion area volume at post-operative 7 days was calculated and analyzed compared with pre-operative hypoperfusion area volume. The factors affecting the improvement of mRS were analyzed. The clinical status of patients who underwent emergency bypass was investigated by mRS and NIHSS before and after surgery, and changes in infarct volume, extent, degree of collateral circulation, and hypoperfusion area volume were measured using MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Results : The preoperative infarction volume was median 10 mL and the hypoperfusion area volume was median 101 mL. NIHSS was a median of 8 points, and the last normal to operation time was a median of 60.7 hours. STA patency was fair in 97.1% of patients at 6 months follow-up DSA and recanalization of the occluded vessel was confirmed at 26.5% of patients. Infarction volume significantly influenced the improvement of mRS (p=0.010) but preoperative hypoperfusion volume was not significantly influenced (p=0.192), and the infarction type showed marginal significance (p=0.0508). Preoperative NIHSS, initial mRS, occlusion vessel type, and last normal to operation time did not influence the improvement of mRS (p=0.272, 0.941, 0.354, and 0.391). Conclusion : In a patient who had an acute cerebral infarction due to large vessel occlusion with large ischemic penumbra but was unable to perform mechanical thrombectomy, STA-MCA bypass could be performed. By using time-to-peak images of perfusion MRI, it is possible to quickly and easily confirm that the brain tissue at risk is preserved and that the ischemic penumbra is recovered to a normal blood flow state.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2018

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), which is associated with onset of vascular dementia, causes cognitive impairment and neuropathological alterations in the brain. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effect of duloxetine (DXT), a potent and balanced serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on CCH-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region using a rat model of permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion. We found that treatment with 20 mg/kg DXT could attenuate the neuronal damage, the reduction of phosphorylations of mTOR and p70S6K as well as the elevations of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$ levels in the hippocampal CA1 region at 28 days following CCH. These results indicate that DXT displays the neuroprotective effect against CCH-induced hippocampal neuronal death, and that neuroprotective effect of DXT may be closely related with the attenuations of CCH-induced decrease of mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway as well as CCH-induced neuroinflammatory process.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was investigated the effects of the root of Polygala tenuifolia (POL) on learning and memory impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Methods : Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was produced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO). POL was administered orally once a day (130 mg/kg of water-extract) for 28 days starting at 4 weeks after the pBCAO. The acquisition of learning and the retention of memory were tested on 9th week after the pBCAO using the Morris water maze. In addition, effects of POL on $A{\beta}$ generation and expressions of APP and BACE1 were observed in the hippocampus of rats. Results : POL significantly prolonged the swimming time spent in target quadrant and significantly reduced the swimming time spent in the quadrant far from the target. POL significantly increased the percentage of swim in the targer quadrant in the retention test, while POL was not effective on the escape latencies in the acquisition training trials. POL significantly reduced the levels of $A{\beta}_{(1-40)}$ and $A{\beta}_{(1-42)}$ in the cerebral cortex and the level of $A{\beta}_{(1-42)}$ in the hippocampus produced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. POL also significantly attenuated the up-regulation of APP and BACE1 expression in the hippocampus produced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Conclusions : The results show that POL alleviated memory deficit and up-regulation of $A{\beta}$ and BACE1 expressions in the hippocampus. This result suggests that POL may exert ameliorating effect on memory deficit through inhibition of ${\beta}$-secretase activity and $A{\beta}$ generation.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.144-148
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• 2007

Purpose: The management of hemorrhagic shock is critical for trauma patients. To assess hemorrhagic shock, the clinician commonly uses a change in positional blood pressure, the shock index, an estimate of the diameter of inferior vena cava based on sonography, and an evaluation of hypoperfusion complex shown on a CT scan. To add the finding for the hypoperfusion complex, the 'halo sign' was introduced recently. To our knowledge, this 'halo sign' has not been evaluated for its clinical usefulness, so we designed this study to evaluate its usefulness and to find the useful CT signs for hypoperfusion complex. Methods: The study was done from January 2007 to May 2007. All medical records and CT images of 124 patients with trauma were reviewed, of which 103 patients were included. Exclusion criteria was as follows: 1) age < 15 year old and 2) head trauma score of AIS ${\geq}$ 5. Results: The value of kappa, to assess the inter-observer agreement, was 0.51 (p < 0.001). The variables of the halo-sign-positive group were statistically different from those of the halo-sign-negative group. The rate of transfusion for the halo-sign-positive group was about 10 times higher than that of the halo-sign-negative group and the rate of mortality was about 6 times higher. Conclusion: In the setting of trauma, early abdominal CT can show diffuse abnormalities due to hypoperfusion complex. Recognition of these signs is important in order to prevent an unwanted outcome in hemorrhagic shock. We conclude that the halo sign is a useful one for hypoperfusion complex and that it is useful for assessing the degree of hemorrhagic shock.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.643-650
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• 2017

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a group of heterogeneous diseases with the common feature of cerebral hypoperfusion. To identify key factors contributing to VaD pathophysiology, we performed a detailed comparison of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). Eight-week old male Wistar and SD rats underwent BCCAo, followed by a reference memory test using a five-radial arm maze with tactile cues. Continuous monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was performed with a laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) system. A separate cohort of animals was sacrificed for evaluation of the brain vasculature and white matter damage after BCCAo. We found reference memory impairment in Wistar rats, but not in SD rats. Moreover, our LDPI system revealed that Wistar rats had significant hypoperfusion in the brain region supplied by the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Furthermore, Wistar rats showed more profound CBF reduction in the forebrain region than did SD rats. Post-mortem analysis of brain vasculature demonstrated greater PCA plasticity at all time points after BCCAo in Wistar rats. Finally, we confirmed white matter rarefaction that was only observed in Wistar rats. Our studies show a comprehensive and dynamic CBF status after BCCAo in Wistar rats in addition to severe PCA dolichoectasia, which correlated well with white matter lesion and memory decline.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cannabis Fructus on exercise capacity and cognitive function in chronic hypoperfusion induced vascular dementia rat model. Methods Vascular dementia rat models were induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO). All rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal group; control group; CF I group (feeding Cannabis Fructus 100 mg/kg); CF II group (feeding Cannabis Fructus 300 mg/kg). In order to study the effects of oral administration of Cannabis Fructus on vascular dementia rat models, corner turn test, hole board test, radial arm maze test, passive avoidance test were taken and Acetylcholine (ACh) activity, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, serum of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein level were measured. Also histological findings of the liver, kidney, brain and the change of Tau immunoreactive neurons in hippocampus were observed. Results CF I and CF II showed significant improvement in corner turn test, hole board test, radial arm maze test, passive avoidance test, Acetylcholine (ACh) activity, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, the serum of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein level and the change of Tau immunoreactive neurons in hippocampus. CF I showed more significant effect than CF II in these tests. However in histological observations of the liver and kidney both CF I and CF II showed glomerular injury and hepatotoxicity. Conclusions These results suggest that Cannabis Fructus was helpful in improving exercise capacity and cognitive function on Chronic hypoperfusion induced Vascular Dementia rats. However Cannabis Fructus affects the liver and kidney, therefore suggest that this is an area for further study.