• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.132-137
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• 2008

A failure analysis of ammonia converter which suffered hydrogen attack in two years since its initial operating time was presented. It is constructed from 2.25 Cr.1 Mo steel. Analysis showed that the failure on closing seam weld joint was due to local improper post weld heat treatment (PWHT). Improper PWHT can introduce high residual stresses in thick-walled pressure vessel. High residual stress level in weld joint is very prone to hydrogen attack for any components which are operating in hydrogen gas environment. The repair procedures based on the principle to decrease the residual stress then proposed. The repair was controlled very carefully by applying several nondestructive tests in the each stage of repair. To assure the successful of the proposed repair, after one year since repair time, high temperature ultrasonic and TOFD methods were applied on-stream to this equipment in order to evaluate its post repair condition. The two methods showed good results on the repaired area.

• 연구논문집
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• 통권31호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2001

Hydrogen damage affects carbon steel tubes in many fossil-fuel-fired boilers, often causing large tube ruptures that necessitate an immediate shutdown. Therefore, equipment handling high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen must undergo careful periodic inspection because of its susceptibility to hydrogen attack. This paper describes the application of an ultrasonic technique for detecting the presence of hydrogen damage in utility boiler tubes. The accuracy of the technique has been shown in laboratory tests. However, it is difficult to evaluate hydrogen attack quantitatively by this technique, because ultrasonic wave is influenced by the test conditions and the material itself.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2002

산업현장에서 수소는 설비를 손상시킬 수 있는 주원인 중의 하나이며, 종종 설비를 파괴시키는 사고를 발생시킨다. 수소손상에 의한 결정립계의 공동 또는 미세균열은 강재의 파괴인성과 강도를 떨어뜨리는 원인이 되고, 따라서 과거 제한적인 방법으로 수소손상을 평가하기 위한 시도가 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 초음파를 적용하여 수소손상을 검출하고 평가하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 미세조직 시험에 의해 확인된 시험편을 이용하여 초음파의 속도와 감쇠계수를 구한 결과, 수소손상에 의해서 초음파 속도는 감소하고 감쇠는 현저하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 수소손상을 검출하기 위한 신뢰성 있는 평가법을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.232-232
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• 2000

The hydrogen attack characteristics of 3Cr-1Mo-V steel as simulated weld heat affected state were studied in this paper. The hydrogen attack susceptibility was evaluated by the ratios of Charpy impact absorbed energy at 0℃($vE_{0HA}$/$vE_{0}$) and reduction of area by tensile test ($RA_{HA}$/RA) before and after exposure to hydrogen at 600℃ under 450kgf/㎠ for 300hr. The values of $vE_{0HA}$/$vE_{0}$ and $RA_{HA}$/RA were aggravated as the peak temperature of the simulated heat affected zone(HAZ) raised. These results were due to the increase of the possession of bubbles along the grain boundaries, which were resulted in the reduction of grain boundary area to be precipitated carbides due to grain coarsening and the carbon dissolved in the martensite-austenite constituent near by the prior austenite grain boundary. The possession ratio of methane bubbles formed along prior austenite grain boundaries were increased with raising the peak temperature. (Received February 22, 2000)

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2000

The hydrogen attack characteristics of 3Cr-1Mo-V steel as simulated weld heat affected state were studied in this paper. The hydrogen attack susceptibility was evaluated by the ratios of Charpy impact absorbed energy at 0℃({TEX}$vE_{0} {HA}_/vE_{0}${/TEX}) and reduction of area by tensile test({TEX}$RA_{HA}/RA${/TEX}) before and after exposure to hydrogen at 600℃ under 450kgf/㎠ for 300hr. The values of {TEX}$vE_{0} {HA}_/vE_{0}${/TEX} and {TEX}$RA_{HA}/RA${/TEX} were aggravated as the peak temperature of the simulated heat affected zone(HAZ) raised. These results were due to the increase of the possession of bubbles along the grain boundaries, which were resulted in the reduction of grain boundary area to be precipitated carbides due to grain coarsening and the carbon dissolved in the martensite-austenite constituent near by the prior austenite grain boundary. The possession ratio of methane bubbles formed along prior austenite grain boundaries were increased with raising the peak temperature.

• International Journal of Safety
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

In this study mechanical strength of A53B carbon steel was analyzed using several types of test specimens directly machined from oil recycling pipe experienced a failure due to hydrogen attack in chemical plants. High temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) is the damage process of grain boundary facets due to a chemical reaction of carbides with hydrogen, thus forming cavities with high pressure methane gas. Driven by the methane gas pressure, the cavities grow on grain boundaries forming intergranular micro cracks. Microscopic optical examination, tensile test, Charpy impact test, hardness measurement, and small punch (SP) test were performed. Carbon content of the hydrogen attacked specimens was dramatically reduced compared with that of standard specification of A53B. Traces of decarburization and micro-cracks were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Charpy impact energy in hydrogen attacked part of the pipe exhibited very low values due to the decarburization and micro fissure formation by HTHA, on the other hand, data tested from the sound part of the pipe showed high and scattered impact energy. Maximum reaction forces and ductility in SP test were decreased at hydrogen attacked part of the pipe compared with sound part of the pipe. Finite element analyses for SP test were performed to estimate tensile properties for untested part of the pipe in tensile test. And fracture toughness was calculated using an equivalent strain concept with SP test and finite element analysis results.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.67-76
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• 2000

Cr-Mo low alloy steels have been used for a long time for pressure vessel due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high temperature strength and toughness. The paper reviewed the latest trends on material development and some problems on Cr-Mo low alloy steel for pressure vessel, such as elevated temperature strength, hardenability, synergetic effect between temper and hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen attack and hydrogen induced disbonding of overlay weld-cladding.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.67-76
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• 2000

Cr-Mo low alloy steels have been used for a long time for pressure vessel due to its excellent corrosion resistance, high temperature strength and toughness. The paper reviewed the latest trends on material development and some problems on Cr-Mo low alloy steel for pressure vessel, such as elevated temperature strength, hardenability, synergetic effect between temper and hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen attack and hydrogen induced disbonding of overlay weld-cladding.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.637-646
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• 2016

실온에서 인코넬 718의 UNSM(Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification)처리재, 수소취화재(100 bar, $300^{\circ}C$에서 120 h) 및 수소취화재의 UNSM처리재의 회전굽힘피로시험에 의해 얻어진 결과, 수소취화재는 미처리재의 S-N곡선보다 피로수명이 약 10~20 % 감소하며 부식피로나 비철재료처럼 피로한도 없이 점진적으로 감소하였다. 표면균열수는 수소취화의 영향으로 평균입경($13{\mu}m$)보다 작은 균열의 비율이 약 80 %를 차지하였다. 결정입계, 표면 흠 등에 수소침투에 의한 취화현상으로 티어링(tearing)하면서 복수로 발생한 작은 표면균열은 불규칙적으로 분포하며 티어링하면서 성장, 합체되어 피로수명이 감소하는 것으로 추정된다. 미처리재에 비해서 UNSM처리재의 피로수명은 전 영역에서 크게 증가하였고, 수소취화된 시험편을 UNSM 처리한 후 피로시험을 실시하면 700 MPa에서 10배 이상, 600 MPa에서 20배 이상 증가하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.936-940
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• 2007

The aminolyses of diphenyl phosphinic chloride (1) with substituted anilines in acetonitrile at 55.0 oC are investigated kinetically. Large Hammett ρ X (ρnuc = ?4.78) and Bronsted β X (βnuc = 1.69) values suggest extensive bond formation in the transition state. The primary normal kinetic isotope effects (kH/kD = 1.42-1.82) involving deuterated aniline (XC6H4ND2) nucleophiles indicate that hydrogen bonding results in partial deprotonation of the aniline nucleophile in the rate-limiting step. The faster rate of diphenyl phosphinic chloride (1) than diphenyl chlorophosphate (2) is rationalized by the large proportion of a frontside attack in the reaction of 1. These results are consistent with a concerted mechanism involving a partial frontside nucleophilic attack through a hydrogen-bonded, four-center type transition state.