• 한국염색가공학회지
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.87-91
• /
• 2008

It is commonly known that water repellency of the fabric treated with fluorocarbon resin brings about a decrease by the washing and recovers by the subsequent heat treatment. In this article, effect of the water repellency was investigated on the nylon 6, triacetate and silk fabrics treated with hydrocarbon and silicon resins. Hydrocarbon and silicon resins have been widely used in the textile finishing as the softening and water proofing agents. The fabrics were treated with hydrocarbon resins, Paragium JQ and RC (Ohara Paragium Chemical Co.) and a silicon resin, Poron MR (Shinetsu Chemical Co.), and then washed and subsequently heat treated. Although the water repellency increased by the resin treatment, it decreased by the washing apparently and recovered a little by the heat treatment. The effect of the heat treatment was small comparing with that of the fluorocarbon resin. Furthermore, as a mechanical property of the treated fabric, KES shearing and bending hysteresis parameters, modulus and hysteresis width of the hydrocarbon resin-treated nylon 6, triacetate and silk fabrics decreased by the heat treatment after washing. Therefore, the treatment is effective at improving the softening of the fabric in water repellent finish.

• 동력기계공학회지
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.12-18
• /
• 2000

Recently, our world is faced with very serious and hard problems related to the air pollution due to the exhaust emissions of the diesel engine. So, lots of researchers have studied to reduce the exhaust emissions with various methods of diesel engine that influenced the environment strong. In this paper, the quantities of the low and high hydrocarbon among the exhaust emissions in diesel engine have been investigated by the quantitative analysis of the hydrocarbon $C_1{\sim}C_6$ using the gas chromatography. This study carried out by comparing the chromatogram with diesel fuel and three kinds of mixed fuels. One is the diesel fuel blended DGM(diethylene glycol dimethyl ether) 5%. Another is the diesel fuel blended DEE(diethyl ether) 25% and DMC(dimethyl carbonate) 10%. The results of this study show that the hydrocarbon $C_1{\sim}C_6$ among the exhaust emissions of the mixed fuels are exhausted lower than those of the diesel fuel at the all load and speed.

• Geosciences Journal
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.1015-1026
• /
• 2018

This paper aims to investigate the good reservoir quality and hydrocarbon potentiality of the Khatatba Formation, Qasr Field in the Shoushan Basin of the North Western Desert, Egypt by combining results from log-based petrophysical analysis, petrographic description and images from scanning electron microscope (SEM). Promising reservoir units are initially identified and evaluated through well log analysis of three wells in the field of study. Petrophysical results are then compared with petrographic and SEM images from rock samples to identify features that characterize the reservoir quality. Well log results show that Khatatba Formation in the study area has good sandstone reservoir intervals from depths ranging from 12848 ft to 13900 ft, with good effective porosity records of 13-15% and hydrocarbon saturations of greater than 83%. Petrographic analysis of these sandstone reservoir units indicate high concentrations of vacant pore spaces with good permeability that can be easily occupied by hydrocarbon. The availability of these pore spaces are attributed to pore-enhancing diagenetic features, mainly in the form of good primary porosity and dissolution. SEM images and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of hydrocarbon, therefore indicating a good hydrocarbon-storing potential for the Khatatba Formation sandstones.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집B
• /
• pp.800-805
• /
• 2001

Recently, our world is faced with very serious and hard problems related to the air pollution due to the exhaust emissions of the diesel engine. So, lots of researchers have studied to reduce the exhaust emissions which influenced the environment strong. In this paper, the effect of oxygen component in fuel on the exhaust emissions has been investigated for diesel engine. And, we tried to analysis the quantities of the low and high hydrocarbon among the exhaust emissions in diesel engine. It have been investigated by the quantitative analysis of the hydrocarbon $C_1\simC_6$ using the gas chromatography. This study carried out by comparing the chromatogram with diesel fuel and diesel fuel blended DGM(diethylene glycol dimethyl ether) 5%. The results of this study show that the hydrocarbon $C_1\simC_6$ among the exhaust emissions of the mixed fuels are exhausted lower than those of the diesel fuel at the all load and speed. In particular, high boiling point hydrocarbons such as $C_5$ and $C_6$ were reduced remarkably in high speed and load region.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제2권5호
• /
• pp.30-40
• /
• 1994

The direct-injection stratified-charge engine has the advantages of higher thermal efficiency and less CO and $NO_x$ emission levels than conventional spark ignition engines. However, its actual utilization is prevented by high unburned hydrocarbon emission levels during light-load operations. In this paper, fundamental studies were carried out using a pancake type constant volume bomb. The effects of intensification of local premixing by tangential and radial fuel injection were examined experimentally. Unburned hydrocarbon emission levels with radial fuel injection were shown to be lower than those of tangential fuel injection cases. The stratification and mixing process of fuel jet and combustion process were observed by schlieren photography.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2008년도 제31회 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.330-333
• /
• 2008

본 논문에서는 그동안 부산대학교 연소추진연구실에서 진행되어 온 스크램제트 엔진 내의 초음속 연료 공기 혼합 및 난류 연소 연구 결과에 대한 소개가 이루질 것이다. 아울러 실용 스크램제트 엔진에서 이용되는 초임계 탄화 수소 연료 연소의 특징과 수치적 모델링 기법에 대하여 소개가 잇을 것이다.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.606-614
• /
• 1998

In this study, biodegradation rate of Arabian light crude oil by mixed cultures of selected petroleum-degraders was determined. Their modes of hydrocarbon uptake were then observed to determine whether there are differences in biodegradation rate by the mixed cultures. By the mixed cultures of petroleum-degraders having same modes of hydrocarbon uptake, such as strain US1 and K1 (using pseudo-solubilized hydrocarbons by a biosurfactants), K2-2 and P1(using hydrocarbons by direct contact), CL 180 and IC-10 (mixed type of uptake modes), the biodegradation rates of aliphatics in the crude oil were increased more than those by their pure cultures, about 40%, 25% and 20%, respectively. Biodegradation rate of strain KH3-2 (using only water- dissolved hydrocarbons) was increased by mixed cultures with strain K1, CL180 or IC-10 possessing high emulsifying activity. However, the biodegradation rate of the crude oil was decreased about 20%-40% by the mixed cultures of petroleum-degraders having different mode of hydrocarbon uptake, such as addition of strain US1 or K1 in the cultures of K2-2 or P1. Biosurfactants produced by US1 or K1 seems to enhance the emulsification of crude oil in aqueous phase but inhibit the attachment of K2-2 or P1 to crude oil. As same phenomena, the addition to Triton X-100 into the culture of strain US1, K1, CL180, IC-10 or KH3-2 increased the biodegradation rate, but the addition in the culture of strain K2-2 or P1 decreased the biodegradation rate. The mixed culture made of CL180, IC-10 and KH3-2 degraded 61.5% of aliphatics and 69% of aromatics in 3% (v/v) of Arabian light crude oil added.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제26권7호
• /
• pp.1320-1332
• /
• 2016

Light hydrocarbons accumulated in subsurface soil by long-term microseepage could favor the anomalous growth of indigenous hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, which could be crucial indicators of underlying petroleum reservoirs. Here, Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was conducted to determine the bacterial community structures in soil samples collected from three typical oil and gas fields at different locations in China. Incubation with n-butane at the laboratory scale was performed to confirm the presence of "universal microbes" in light-hydrocarbon microseepage ecosystems. The results indicated significantly higher bacterial diversity in next-to-well samples compared with background samples at two of the three sites, which were notably different to oil-contaminated environments. Variation partitioning analysis showed that the bacterial community structures above the oil and gas fields at the scale of the present study were shaped mainly by environmental parameters, and geographic location was able to explain only 7.05% of the variation independently. The linear discriminant analysis effect size method revealed that the oil and gas fields significantly favored the growth of Mycobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas, as well as other related bacteria. The relative abundance of Mycobacterium and Pseudomonas increased notably after n-butane cultivation, which highlighted their potential as biomarkers of underlying oil deposits. This work contributes to a broader perspective on the bacterial community structures shaped by long-term light-hydrocarbon microseepage and proposes relatively universal indicators, providing an additional resource for the improvement of microbial prospecting of oil and gas.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제19권7호
• /
• pp.651-657
• /
• 2009

Shifts in the activity and diversity of microbes involved in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in contaminated soil were investigated. Subsurface soil was collected from a gas station that had been abandoned since 1995 owing to ground subsidence. The total petroleum hydrocarbon content of the sample was approximately 2,100 mg/kg, and that of the soil below a gas pump was over 23,000 mg/kg. Enrichment cultures were grown in mineral medium that contained hexadecane (H) or naphthalene (N) at a concentration of 200 mg/l. In the Henrichment culture, a real-time PCR assay revealed that the 16S rRNA gene copy number increased from $1.2{\times}10^5$to $8.6{\times}10^6$with no lag phase, representing an approximately 70-fold increase. In the N-enrichment culture, the 16S rRNA copy number increased about 13-fold after 48 h, from $6.3{\times}10^4$to $8.3{\times}10^5$. Microbial communities in the enrichment cultures were studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and by analysis of 16S rRNA gene libraries. Before the addition of hydrocarbons, the gas station soil contained primarily Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria. During growth in the H-enrichment culture, the contribution of Bacteriodetes to the microbial community increased significantly. On the other hand, during N-enrichment, the Betaproteobacteria population increased conspicuously. These results suggest that specific phylotypes of bacteria were associated with the degradation of each hydrocarbon.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.728-734
• /
• 2004

Environmentally friendly refrigerants with zero ozone layer depletion potential are required to be used in refrigerators and air conditioners due to the difficulties related to ozone layer depletion and global warming. A rigorous study for the system performance with new refrigerants having zero ozone layer depletion potential is inevitable before adopting that as a new fluid. The HFC(Hydrofluorocarbon) potential has been recommended as alternatives. In this paper. system performance in the heat pump facilities were studied using R-290, R-600a. R-1270 as an environment friendly refrigerant. R-22 as a HCFC's refrigerant. The experimental apparatus has been set-up as a conventional vapor compression type heat Pump system. The test section is a horizontal double pipe heat exchanger. A tube diameter of 12.70mm with 1.315mm wall thickness is used for this investigation. The test results showed that the COP of hydrocarbon refrigerants were superior to that of R-22 and the maximum increasing rate of COP was found in R-1270. The refrigeration capacity of hydrocarbon refrigerants were higher than that of R-22. The compressor work was obtained with the maximum value in R-1270 and the minimum one in R-22.